AREA AND GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION

Perú is situated between the Pacific Ocean and the western edges of the Amazon basin. It borders with Ecuador and Colombia to the North, Brazil and Bolivia to the East and Chile to the South. It has an area of 1’285,215 km² and it is the third largest country in South America after Brazil and Argentina. It has a varied topography and offers many micro- regions, three of which are well defined and distinct: the COSTA, which has a longitude of a little over 2,520 km. It is an arid and desert area bathed by the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. The SIERRA (highlands) or the Andes Mountain Range has a width of 200 km and is crowned with more than 50 snow peaks which may reach over the 6,000 m.a.s.l. They cover an area which stretches from Venezuela down to "Tierra del Fuego" in Chile. Finally, the SELVA, an enormous "green ocean" of the Amazon Rainforest. Of the 110 climates and micro climates existing in the world, we find 89 in Perú, one reason why it is considered one of the most diverse and outstanding in the ecological world. The presence of pre-hispanic cultures who occupied this territory 15,000 years ago, make it also the historical symbol of South America.

POPULATION

The last Census in 1993 showed a population of 22’048,356 inhabitants, a third of whom live in the capital. The second largest city is Arequipa with 620, 471 inhabitants and Trujillo with 508, 716 is the third. Half the population are American Indians, and the rest mestizos, creolles, blacks and mulatos. The Japanese and Chinese colonies are also numerous. However, these figures do not include the native communities of the Amazon Jungle, since it is impossible to conduct a census in such an impenetrable region. The population density at the national level is of 17.15 inhabitants per km².

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Perú is a social and democratic republic, with a single, representative and centralized government. The recent constitution of 1980 conceeds the administration of the country to three powers: The EXECUTIVE represented by the President, elected by direct balloting, absolute mayority and for a period of 5 years. The LEGISLATIVE, made up of a single Parliament of 120 representatives and finally the JUDICIAL made up of courts which administer justice in different instances.

CLIMATE

It is of vital importance when preparating for a trip to know the climate of the country, to choose either the right clothing or the best time of the year to travel.

Perú is situated on a tropical latitude (south of the Equator and north of the Tropic of Capricorn) but its climate is varied due to both natural causes and the topography of the territory with its peaks of over 6,000 m.

In the COAST (Tumbes, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Lima, Paracas and Nazca) the weather is cool and damp and seldom rains. It has an annual average rainfall of 48mm which explains the aridity of the region. The lack of rainfall is due, firstly to the faint evaporization of the ocean waters, caused by the Humboldt current, an extremely cold current of 13º C, which runs parallel to the coast from south to north. On the other hand the high peaks of the Andes Range prevent the clouds from passing from the east to the west. The temperatures do not vary dramatically. The coldest month is August with an average of 16.1 º C and the hottest is February with 23.5º C.

In the SIERRA (Cajamarca, Huaraz, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Puno, and Arequipa) the climate varies from warm and pleasant during the sunny day (15º C) to moderate cool dawns (5º C) and permanent freeze in the mountain top during the summer. From December to March there is abundant and thick rainfall, generating landslides which interrupt important inland roads. Bad weather can hinder operations in some airports with consequent cancellation of flights.

The SELVA or Amazon plains (Iquitos, Parque Pacaya-Samiria, Pucallpa, Puerto Maldonado and Parque Nacional del Manu) has a warm and humid climate. The temperature if the dry period is prolonged can reach 40º C. Rainfall, as in the Andes, is abundant from December to March.

THE REGIONS

As we have already mentioned Perú has three well defined regions : the Coast, the Highlands and the Rainforest.

The COSTA is a narrow strip which runs parallel to the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Moutains. At some points it is non-existent, since the mountains reach the seashore and even penetrate it, while at other points it has a width of as much as 80 km. It has a longitude of 2,520 km (between the borders of Ecuador and Chile). It is arid in its totality and is criss-crossed by fertile valleys, irrigated by rivers which flow from the mountains. Water is constant in some river basins, while in others it is limited to the wet seasons. This region, where Lima, the capital, is situated is the centre of industrial, commercial and agricultural activities of the country. Perú is one of the foremost world producers of fishmeal and it stands amongst the first four silver and copper producers.

The SIERRA, which separates the coast from the Amazon rainforest is a wall that at some points reaches almost 7,000 metres above sea level. This Range consists of three ranges: The Occidental, the Central and the Oriental which separate and join whimsically in certain knots. The varied topography of these regions gives way to a notable variety of micro climates each of which has particular characteristics, fauna and flora. The most important copper and silver mines are found in this area. The Cordillera Blanca, to the North east of Lima (White Range), is of a superb beauty. It is a snow-peaked range of 120 km. , considered the most beautiful and important tropical mountain range in the world. The highest snow summits, appreciated by the most renowned mountain climbers are the Huascarán (6,768 m), the Yerupajá  (6,617 m), the Coropuna (6,425 m) and many others.

The SELVA or Amazon region stretches between the eastern slopes of the Andes, at almost 4,000 m. of altitude, and the enormous tropical forest plains which ends at the Atlantic Ocean. In this vast territory, which represents 62% of the total area of the country there exists a notable diversity of ecosystems and an enormous variety of animal and plant species. There are now many protected areas, some open to a limited numbers of visitors, such as The Parque Nacional de Manu, The Reserva Natural de Tambopata and The Reserva de Pacaya Samiria among others. 90% of the existing waters in the country are lost in these slopes and flow into the Atlantic Ocean. This region has notable hydrocarbon reserves and an incalculable wealth of fine woods.

HISTORY

Perú has the greatest historical tradition in South America. The first inhabitants, who were nomad hunters, made their way to the present Peruvian territory approximately 15,000 years before Christ. After periods of evolution they become sedentary, and in this way domesticated animals and plants, worked metals and built great temples and palaces.

The most outstanding cultures were Chavín and Chachapoyas in the Northeastern Highlands, the Vicus, Mochica and Chimú on the Northern Coast, were excellent potters and silversmiths. The Huancas on the central Highlands, were a warrior race not fully conquered by the Incas. The Paracas and Nazca are still world known for the refinement of their textiles, the beauty and polychromy of their pottery and their enegmatic lines and figures of the Pampa of Jumana (Pampas de Nazca). In the southern highlands it is worth mentioning the Huari culture, the first Andean kingdom and the Tiahuanaco culture, of whom the Incas apparently inherited their fine architecture.

The Incas were the last native Peruvian Culture; those who conquered all preceding cultures with their weapons, taking with them the best architects and artisans to the capital of their empire. Their flourishing did not last more than a few centuries: a period of time no longer than the lifetime of 12 people: the 12 Incas who created and led the Empire.

In 1525 when Inca Huayna Capac dies his heirs Huascar and Atahualpa initiated a civil war to conquer power. In 1531 after a few years of internal strife, Francisco Pizarro, with his brother and other adventurers, made their way through Tumbes into the Territory of the Tahuantinsuyo (native name of the Empire: Tahua = four / Suyo= regions) and they found the ideal conditions to conquer Atahuallpa and colonize this vast territory.

In 1542 the first Spanish Viceroy assumed power in the early Colonial period which is remembered for its continual internal disputes. In 1870 the first rebellion against the Spaniards took place and it is Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (known as Tupac Amaru) the forerunner of this movement.

Finally in 1821 the Argentinian General José de San Martín declares the independence of the country consolidating it in the Battles of Junin and Ayacucho in 1824. It is in this year that present the Republican Period begins.

RELIGION

The Constitution of the country allows for complete freedom of religion. The official religion is Catholic and it is practiced by 75% of the population. The remaining 25% practices other religions or belongs to one of various sects.

The Andean Man still conserves the mysticism of his ancestors and practises millenary rituals inherited throughout many generations. The religious ceremonies imposed by the Spaniards often take on pagan forms and one can observe the mixture of Andean an Catholic rites in its manifestations.

CURRENCY

The present currency is the Nuevo Sol and has had a stable dollar exchange for many months. Now, in the month of July one dollar is worth 2.65 Nuevos Soles. Tourists must be very careful with counterfeit banknotes (Nuevos Soles and dollars) so our staff will indicate where it is safe to exchange money. Travellers checks are accepted with certain restrictions. Almost all credit cards are accepted in main commercial estableshiments and hotels.

VACCINES

No vaccine is essential. However it is recommendable to get shots against yellow fever if you are planning an excursion into the Amazon Rainforest. This does not include stays in to tourist lodges.

Useful INFORMATION

The success of a trip much depends on the knowledge of climatic conditions of the country one wishes to visit. Perú can be visited throughout the year, with certain limitations during the summer (December - March) due to rainfall in the Highlands and the Amazon region. The main tourist, historical and ecological sites are found at over 3,000 metres above sea level (Cajamarca, Huaraz, Huancayo, Cuzco and Puno), therefore it is advisable to take Coramina Glucosa (Glucose) or Micoren, drugs which will help prevent altitude sickness or "soroche". The famous "mate de coca" which is served generously in hotels is a tea which amelliorates the effects of the altitude.

Once in the sites mentioned above, it is essential to rest for a while to reach a minimum of acclimatization. The air is very dry and rare and can cause chapped lips so it is recommended to take suitable creams. During the day the sun is very strong, so it is wise to take a cap or hat, easily purchased in the Indian markets, during excursions. Even though on certain occasions the cold is intense it is not recommendable to keep on the heater during the night to prevent dryness of throat or mucuses.

For rainforest trips it is essential to take an insect repellent. All these products can be purchased in local drugstores.

In the Coast (Tumbes, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Lima, Paracas and Nazca) during the summer months (December to March): light cotton dresses, shorts, T-shirts or short sleeve shirts; light jackets or sweaters for the evening. During the winter (April to November): light woollen clothing is worn.

In the Sierra (Cajamarca,Huaraz, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cusco and Arequipa) it rains frequently during the summer months (December to March) so it is advisable to wear light clothing and rain jackets. The difference between day and night temperature can be extreme in certain areas so it is advisable to take heavy woollen or alpaca clothes. At dawn thermometers can register below cero temperatures.

In the Rainforest (Iquitos, Chachapoyas, Pucallpa and Puerto Maldonado) where rainfall can be even more abundant than in the Highlands, except for isolated cases where polar winds may vary the temperature considerably, it is always hot and the weather is damp. It is recommendable to take two pairs of trainers or sneakers, light cottonwear, rain jackets, light long sleeve shirts and blue jeans for protection against insect bites.

Altitude: 154 metres above sea level

Population: 5'706,127 (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in the Native Language: The word comes from Limac, whose translation is "talker" in reference to the oracle which existed in what in all respects appears to be, what we now call "Huaca Juliana" or Ccollana Huaca "Excelsa" (oracle).

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Max Min Max Min Max Min

January 26.6 21.0 May 23.4 16.8 September 18.8 15.0

February 27.5 20.5 June 20.6 15.4 October 19.0 15.2

March 27.3 20.2 July 17.8 14.3 November 21.3 19.5

April 24.5 17.9 August 17.8 14.5 December 23.0 20.5

CHART OF DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Abancay 907 Chiclayo 1,228 La Oroya 174 Pucallpa 789

Arequipa 1,010 Chimbote 770 Moquegua 1,146 P.Maldonado 1,631

Ayacucho 585 Huancavelica 445 Moyobamba 1,398 Puno 1,324

Cajamarca 860 Huancayo 298 Nasca 444 Tacna 1,239

Cusco 1,104 Huaraz 421 Paracas 250 Trujillo 562

Chachapoyas 1,228 Ica 303 Piura 1,039 Tumbes 1,318

LIMA is the capital of Perú, located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean and cut through by the Rimac River. It was founded on the 18th of January 1535 by Francisco Pizarro, with the name of "The City of the Kings" as it was the capital of the Spanish Empire in South America and the Viceroy’s residence. At the time of Pizarro's arrival the whole area was ruled by the cacique (ruler) Taulichusco. The proximity to the ocean enabled the Spanish galleons to anchor easily. The San Lorenzo Isle which quietened the waters, its central situation on the coast, the fertile valley which is surrounded it and its mild weather were some of the factors the Spanish took into consideration to make of Lima the Peruvian capital.

Lima was laid out as all Spanish cities in square blocks and a main square. Even though it has a mild climate, for the greatest part of the year the sky is covered by a dense layer of clouds which does not allow the sun to shine through. The temperature varies between 12º C and 20º C in winter and 19º C to 28º C in summer. Rainfall is almost non existent. This is due to the fact that the high Andes peaks prevent the clouds formed in the Eastern slopes of the mountains to cross over. Furthermore the cold waters of the Humboldt current, which runs parallel to the Coast from South to North, does not allow for evaporation. The first impression of the newcomer is of confusion: while on one hand Lima is presented as a rich and modern city, on the other, it hides the consequences of a mass migration of peoples coming from distant provinces.

VISIT TO THE CITY OF LIMA

Length of excursion :3:30 hours

When clients stay in the old city centre (Sheraton, Crillón, Riviera or Bolívar) the visit starts in the main square (Plaza de Armas), now called Plaza Mayor, being the centre of the city designed and built by Francisco Pizarro. Here one may visit the CATHEDRAL which was founded the same 18th of January and which in spite of the multiple transformations caused by the earthquakes of 1609 and 1746 still conserves its original monumentality. Forming part of the Plaza Mayor is also the old Palacio de los Virreyes (Viceroy's Palace) now occupied by the Palacio de Gobierno (Government Palace), also reconstructed 3 times after earthquakes and fires. There is also the Palacio Arzobispal (Archibishop's Palace) which together with the Cathedral display a Barroque Facade and finally the Palacio Municipal (Town Hall) decorated by beautiful colonial balconies, carved in wood.

From the Plaza Mayor we go to the Convent of San Francisco, the most beautiful architectural complex in the city. The construction was started in 1542. Here one can visit the Cloister, the Catacombs, and the Museum of Religious Art. However when there is a visit to Colonial Lima combined with a museum, the visit to San Francisco is replaced by a visit to Santo Domingo due to lack of time.

Beyond the Plaza San MartIn where the famous Gran Hotel Bolivar is located, into the Paseo de la RepUblica where you can see the Palace of Justice, the Plaza Grau dedicated to the memory of Miguel Grau, a hero from the Battle of the Pacific, along Avenida 28 de Julio and finally into Avenida Arequipa you may reach the residential suburbs of San Isidro and Miraflores. Here you will be able to visit El Olivar, El Parque del Amor and El Mirador of the Pacific Ocean. For the customers staying in Miraflores this visit will be done (inversely)

NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM

Plaza Bolivar - Pueblo Libre

Length of visit: 3 hours

Tuesday to Friday: 9:00 to 18:00

Saturdays and Sundays: 9:00 to 17:00

Situated on the Plaza Bolivar in the district of Pueblo Libre, it is the main museum in Perú, fOunded in 1945 by the archaeOlogist Julio C.Tello. Its show cases exhibit around 85,000 pieces which makes it the largest and most varied collection of pottery lithic pieces and textiles in the country. On the left of the main lobby there are scale models of the dwellings and working instruments of the first inhabitants of the regions of Paijan, Ancon, Toquepala, Junín and Ayacucho (22,000 - 10,000 B.C). At the far end of " Formative Peruvian " is the Raimondi Stele, a stone carved with Chavin motifs, discovered by the scholar during one of his many travels. In this room one may also find pre-ceramic objects found in KOTOSH, where it is worth noting the "Crossed Hands", made of baked mud found in a ceremonial chamber and of an antiquity of 1,800 B.C. Outstanding are also the PARACAS TEXTILES whose patterns and colours have remained unaltered for many centuries. Following this chronology one can appreciate the monoliths of the PUCARA culture; the room dedicated to the pottery of the NASCA culture; the room of the MOCHE culture whose pottery is an ethnographic document which speaks of their world. Finally after visiting the rooms dedicated to the TIAHUANACO, HUARI, RECUAY and CHIMU cultures we reach the last hall dedicated to the INCA culture.

It also contains findings of the pre-independence period and pieces of the colonial and the early Republican periods.

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Av. Javier Prado Este, 2465 - San Borja

Length of visit : 3 hours

Tuesday to Friday : From 09:00 to 18:00

Saturdays and Sundays : From 10:00 to 18:00

This museum has been recently inaugurated and contains a great collection of archaeological pieces which show the development of native cultures from the first dwellers up to the Inca Period (Incanato). It contains ceramics, lithicobjects, textiles, graphics, murals and photography. The scale models of the main ceremonial centres and ruins in the country are of special interest. It is of worth mentioning the room which contains the medical instruments used in diverse operations and also the one which exhibits clothing of many periods.

GOLD MUSEUM

Alonso de Molina 100 - Monterrico

Length of visit : 3 hours

Open daily from 11:30 to 19:00

"Worth a Perú" is a phrase still used in Spain, when referring to something of great value or special characteristics. The phrase goes back to the XVI century when the conquerors reached American lands and marvelled at the wealth of gold and silver found both in Mexico and Perú. These metal have been well known to Peruvian man as far back as the first settlements and archaeologists have found gold hammered in such thin sheets that they seem laminated paper. Then more of these sheets can be found, in greater quantity but less elaborated as part of funerary dowry in tombs in the region of Lambayeque. The precious metal is therefore not only associated to cult and ornamentation but as a symbol of social distinction. During the Inca Period, the nobility and priests used gold and silver while the army and ordinary people made copper and bronze objects.

The GOLD MUSEUM is the most important private collection and exhibits more than 15,000 objects and pieces of jewellery of pre-Columbian times, where the pieces in gold, silver and precious stones prevail.These have been put together by its owner Mr. Miguel Mujica Gallo, after many meticulous searches in distant places of the country. It is impressive to see in these great works of arts the ability to create true miniature jewels without yet knowing the processes of welding. On the first floor there is an important exhibition of weapons of all types, dress and uniforms of Incas, Spaniards and even some Oriental cultures.

RAFAEL LARCO HERRERA MUSEUM

Av. Bolivar, 1515 - Pueblo Libre

Length of visit : 3 hours

From Monday to Saturday from 09:00 to 18:00

Sundays from 09:00 to 13:00

It is the greatest collection of pre - Columbian ceramics in the country, with an emphasis on the Northern Cultures of Vicus, Mochica and Chimu. Amongst the 50,000 pieces there are clothes belonging to mummies, gold pieces and it is worth noting one important and unique room where erotic pottery is shown, representing the sexual customs of the ancient Peruvians.

PACHACAMAC RUINS

Carretera Panamericana Sur, Km. 30 - Lur¡n

Length of visit : 3:30 hours

From Monday to Sundays from 09:00 to 17:00

The ancient sanctuary of the God Pachacamac and a former religious city of pilgrimage, is located on the right bank of the Lurín River 30 km. south of Lima. The main monuments were built between the years 800 - 900 B.C., using small, pressed adobe bricks lain vertically, the same system used in other buildings around Lima. The religious city itself consisted of a complex of pyramids with common characteristics : a great explanade at the entrance, a central body whose access to the top was along a ramp and great storage chambers at the back. On the top most part of the main temple a chapel which housed a wooden idol with two carved characters, back to back, was located. This idol was worshipped and respected by the inhabitants of the coast and highlands and was considered an oracle.

ENRICO POLI MUSEUM

Lord Cochrane 466 - San Isidro

Length of Visit : 3 hours

In this museum there are ceramic pieces and unique jewellery which date back from the dawn of history in Perú to Colonial times. Mr. Enrico Poli personally will guide the tour and will instill his passion of a true collector, describing and narrating the history of each object.

BALLESTAS ISLANDS AND FLIGHT OVER THE NASCA PLAINS

Length of excursion : 12 hours

At dawn in a comfortable tourist car, you will set out en route to Paracas (250 km. south of Lima) approximately 3 hours by car, where you will embark on a light vessel which will take you to the Ballestas Islands in two hours. Return to the hotel dock and to Pisco airport to take an hour and fifty minute flight over the Pampa de Nasca (Nasca Plains). After lunch, return to Lima in a private car.

TOURIST CALENDAR

18 – Celebration of the Spanish foundation of Lima : Lima

Second fortnight – Peruvian Stepping Horse contest : Lima

Second fortnight – Lord ef the Miracles procession and Bullfighthing Fair : Lima

Altitude : 2,335 metres above sea level.

Population : 924,745 inhabitants (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in native language: the most probable version is that it derives from the words "ari" which means "yes" and "quepay" which means "delay": thus: yes, stop here.

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

DISTANCE CHART TO OTHER CITIES

Abancay 813 Chimbote 1,441 La Oroya 1,184 Pucallpa 1,784

Ayacucho 1,137 Huancavelica 1,068 Lima 1,010 P.Maldonado 1,051

Cajamarca 1,870 Huancayo 1,215 Moyobamba 2,399 Puno 314

Cusco 616 Huanuco 1,423 Nasca 566 Tacna 369

Chachapoyas 2,238 Huaraz 1,429 Paracas 760 Trujillo 1,572

Chiclayo 1,780 Ica 707 Piura 2,049 Tumbes 2,328

Arequipa is located in the south west of the country and covers an area of 63,500 km² which stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the permanently snow covered peaks of the Andes, more than 6,000 metres above sea level. A great part of its territory is arid, desert and it is crossed by very deep valleys such as the Colca and Cotahuasi Canyons, considered amongst the deepest in the world. The city possesses a lovely countryside and volcanoes such as the Misti 5,822 m.a.s.l., the Chanchani and the Picchu - Picchu at 5,664.

It is known as the White City since most of its colonial buildings have the light grey walls of a volcanic material called "sillar" extracted from the nearby quarries. It was founded in 1540 by a group of Spaniards commanded by Manuel de Carbajal. It still conserves the design of Spanish Colonial architecture.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND TO THE CONVENTO OF SANTA CATALINA (Convent of St. Catherine)

Length of excursion: 3hours

The visit to Arequipa starts in the districts of Yanahuara and Cayma from where you have a lovely panoramic view of the city, countryside and surrounding volcanoes. From this viewpoint you can climb down to the Chili River and after crossing an old bridge reach the historical centre of the city. Situated in the heart of the city we find the Convento de Santa Catalina (Convent of St. Catherine) founded in 1580. It occupies an area of 20,000 square metres. This colonial jewel, is made up of churches, cloisters, squares and other areas and the aspect of a colonial city of the XVI century has been preserved intact in time.

The excursion of the city is complemented with the visit to the Cathedral founded in 1656, the Casa del Moral, la Casa Ricketts and the churches of San Francisco and La Merced.

VISITS TO SURROUNDING AREAS AND THE COUNTRYSIDE

Length of excursion: 3 hours

We will vist the surrounding area of the city of Arequipa, which is crowned by the Misti, Chachani and Picchu Picchu volcanoes. It offers an attractive scenery such as the Chilina countryside, the Paucarpata which means "Extension of the Andes" because its slopes have been terraced for agriculture, the Molino de SabandIa, is a building where in past times they would grind the grain and is still fully preserved. In the district of Huasacache one may admire La Mansion del Fundador, a palace founded in the XVI century by the founder of the city Don Garc¡a de Carbajal. Finally there is the resort of Tingo, the Mirador (Viewpoint) of Sacacha, and to end the visit is the typical district of Vallecito.

VISIT TO THE COLONIAL districts AND YURA

Length of Excursion: 4 hours

This is an long visit which includes the visit to the district of SAN LAZARO, the hills and the observatory of SAN VICENTE DE YANAHUARA, the district of CAYMA the thermal resort of YURA, to end in a TYPICAL "PICANTERIA" (spicy food restaurant) where one can enjoy lunch based on regional food.

THE PETROGLYPHS OF TORO MUERTO

Length of Excursion: 8 hours

170 km North of Arequipa, in the province of Castilla, beyond the valleys of Uchumayo, V¡tor and Siguas, in the deep fertile VALLEY OF MAJES, we find the greatest and most important concentration of petroglyphs: TORO MUERTO (529m.a.s.l.). In a sandy gorge of approximately 2 km², next to the village of CORIRE exists a outcrop of volcanic stones on which the ancient inhabitants of the place engraved more than 3,000 zoomorphic antropomorphic and geometric figures with representations of llamas, pumas, condors and scenes of ritual dances and warriors. There are many doubts about their antiquity since the place has not yet been fully investigated. Before returning to Arequipa, you will be able to enjoy lunch in a rustic restaurant on the banks of the Majes River.

THE COLCA CANYON

Length of visit: one or two days

An excursion of 12 hours is offered for someone who does not have two days, ideal time to visit the Colca Canyon. However it is necessary to leave Arequipa at 4:00a.m. to reach the observatory of the Condores by 8:00. The trip is conducted along a dirt road which takes you to the Viewpoint of Cruz del condor ( 246 km from Arequipa at 3,225 m.a.s.l.). In Quechua it is called "chacla" because there they "chacllaba" the Earth: they made offerings to request its help and protection. In this place the valley has a depth of 1,050 metres. Before sun rise, you can see dozens of condors who, taking advantage of the "thermals" of the place soar from the depths and glide for many minutes without flapping their wings. You return to Arequipa after lunch.

As mentioned early it is ideal to make this visit in two days. In a journey of 205 km between Arequipa and the town of CHIVAY you can see many places of singular beauty such as: PAMPA DE CAÑAHUA (95 km. from Arequipa and at 3,800 m.a.s.l.) where the Vicuñas, Alpacas and Llamas abound; the VENTANA OF THE COLCA (143 km from Arequipa and 4,100 m.a.s.l); the typical villages of SIBAYO (174 km from Arequipa and at 4,110 m.a.s.l) and TUTI (184 km from Arequipa and at 3,960 m.a.s.l.) with colonial churches of incalculable value; the archaeological ruins of the COLLAHUAS, inhabitants of the place before the Inca conquest; the village of COPORAQUE (3,628 m.a.s.l) and the ANDENERIAS built between the VI and VII centuries. Along the way on the banks of the Colca River a cold lunch will be served. Arrivel at Chivay will be at sunset, to spend the night at a comfortable lodge.

The second day after visiting the mirador CRUZ DEL CONDOR (41 km from Chivay) the towns of YAQUE and MACA will be visited. From here the SABANCAYA volcano in intermitent eruption can be seen. Return to Arequipa will be along a dirt road which will cross a pass at 4,850 m.a.s.l from where an extraordinary view of the CHILA, mountain range and of all the volcanoes of the region can be experienced. Arrival in Arequipa is in the afternoon.

SALINAS NATURAL RESERVE

Lenght of excursion : 10 hours

This is an ideal excursion for orniyhologists and lovers of wild.and rugged nature. For 10 hours following the road from Arequipa to Puno, along dirt roads one arrives at the Indian villages of Chiguata and the pre Inca terraces.We will see flocks of Alpacas, Llamas and Vicuñas along the way. Finally we will arrive to the back of the Pichu Picchu volcano where the SALINAS LAKE is located. There is an abundant wildlife in the place, particulary FLAIMINGOS or Parinuahas.

MAJES RIVER

Length of excursion : 2 days and one night

Following the same route described to reach TORO MUERTO one arrives at the Majes River (name given to the Colca River at this stage) dedicated exclusively to the plantation of rice and fruit trees. After visiting the petroglyphis of Toro Muerto, an enormous open-air library, we are directed to the LODGE MAJES RIVER, accommodation offering simple but clean bungalows with hot water. In the afternoon the geographical formation of El Castillo will be visited, a place where sounds are echoed many times. Dinner will be served outside around a bonfire.

The morning of the second day, after breakfast, there will be river rafting, descending approximately seven kilometres along the Majes River, captained by professional and experienced guides. In the middle of the journey the NECROPOLIS OF THE HUARI CULTURE will be visited. After lunch we set out to Arequipa once again.

ASCENT TO THE MISTI VOLCANO

Height: 5,821 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 2 days and 1 night

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: none

We will leave Arequipa before dawn of the first day in a private car. Then we will arrive at the Aguada Blanca Dam where the trekking begins. Camp is made in MONTE BLANCA at a height of 4,750 m.a.s.l.

At dawn of the second day the ascent to the summit begins to see the enormous crater and the fumaroles. From the top beautiful and impressive scenery can be seen. We return to the camp of Monte Blanca, then to Aguada Blanca where the private car will be waiting for the return to Arequipa.

THE VALLEY OF VOLCANOES "THE VALLEY OF FIRE"

Length of Excursion : Three days and two nights

On the first day the activities programmed will be the same as for the Majes River. On the second day at 4:00 a.m., the journey of 150 km to the valley of the volcanoes starts. Halfway, in the valley of Tipa the Andean villages of VIRACO (3,215 m.a.s.l.) and MACHAHUAY (3,150 m.a.s.l.) will be visited so as to the arrive at the foot of the COROPUNA (6,420 m.a.s.l.) peak in the early morning. Here you can see llamas and wild hares. This place marks the beginning of the VALLEY OF FIRE, which is comparable to a lunar scenery unique in its kind in the world, and which enables to look at more than 80 stunted volcanoes in conic shape, presently dormant and with encircling rings of lava erupted more than a million years ago. This valley of fire is covered with enormous cacti creates a mysterious but ecological atmosphere. On the way back there will be a stop in the village of Andahua (3,587 m.a.s.l.) for a cold lunch. The arrival at the lodge will be in the early evening. On the third day activities will be the same as for the Majes River Programme.

ASCENT TO THE CHACHANI SNOWPEAK

Height: 6,075 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 3 days and 2 nights

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: easy to average

Departure from the hotel will be very early and in a private car towards the foot of the Chachani at 4,950 m.a.s.l. Camp will be made at 5,300 m.a.s.l. Ascent begins at dawn of the second day and after six hours of slow trek we arrive at the summit at 6,075 m.a.s.l. Return to the camp is fast and easy.

After breakfast of the third day we break camp and descend once again to the foot of the mountain to return to Arequipa.

ASCENT TO THE AMPATO SNOWPEAK

Height: 6,813 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 3 days and 2 nights

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: easy to average

We depart from the hotel at dawn in a private car to the area of SALLALLI at the foot of the mountain. It is here where our first trek begins and we make camp at 5,300 m.a.s.l.

The ascent begins on the second day before sunrise and it takes approximately six hours to arrive at the summit at 6,318 m.a.s.l.

Camp is broken on the third day to return to Arequipa.

COLCA: ALONG THE ROUTE OF THE COLLAGUAS

Length of the programme: 3 days and 2 nigths

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

Participants are collected from their hotels very early and driven to the high parts of the colca canyon in a private car. Visit is conducted to the most interesting places and in the afternoon there is a trek to the CONACOTA CANYON. Camp is made at LA CALERA where we can enjoy the thermal baths in the evening. Next morning a second trek is conducted to important places to finish at UYO UYO, and old Collagua village. Camp is made at the edge of the Colca Canyon.

On the third day there is a visit to the CRUZ DEL CONDOR. Here a trek is conducted along the edge of the Canyon. After visiting the village of HUAMBO (3,332 m.a.s.l.) and its small volcano valley we return to Arequipa.

TREKKING ALONG THE COLCA CANYON

Length of programme: 4 days and 3 nights

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

We depart from the hotel in a private car towards the Colca Valley. Small typical villages are visited along the way to camp finally at Chivay.

The cruz del condor is visited on the second day and we begin a descent to the deepest part of the Colca Canyon. Camp is made at TAPAY (2,975 m.a.s.l.). On the third day we visit small Indian communities who make a living by farming fruits and collecting "cochineal". Camp is made at SANGALLE.

On the last day we climb up the slopes of the Canyon to arrive at the village of CABANACONDE (3,287 m.a.s.l.) where the private car will be waiting to return first to Chivay and then to Arequipa.

ORIGINS OF THE AMAZON RIVER

Length of the programme: 5 Days And 4 Nights

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

Participants depart from the hotel and are transported in private car to the Colca Valley visiting interesting tourist and historical sites. Arrival is in the afternoon at Chivay (3,633 m.a.s.l.) to make camp.

The next morning we head to the CORDILLERA CHILA in a private car passing along a number of lakes and very old villages. We make camp on the banks of the CARHUASANTA river, one of the main tributaries of the AMAZON RIVER in its source.

On the third day we visit the APACHETA river and the QUEHUISHA mountain at 5,350 m.a.s.l. to pass then to the Pacific basin. Camp is made overlooking the Colca Valley.

On the fourth day the trek continues down to the village of LARI (3,330 m.a.s.l.) to make the last camp.

The last day a visit to the most important villages in the Colca Valley is conducted, to return then to Arequipa.

TOURIST CALENDAR

2 Anniversay of the Foundation: Cabanaconde

6 festival of the Magi: Achoma and Lari

Carnivals: movable date: all villages

19 religious festival of St. Joseph: Chivay and Lari

Easter: movable date: all villages

3 festival of the Crosses: Tuti

15 festival of San Isidro: Achoma y Corporaque

13 festival of St. Anthony of Padua: Chivay and Yanque

15 festival of St. Isidro Labrador (Farmer): Achoma, Corporaque, Maca and Yanque

21 main festivity of Collahuas: Chivay

24 festival of the Sacred Heart: Corporaque and Chivay

29 festival of St. Peter: Sibayo and Maca

16 festival of the Virgin del Carmen: Achoma, Cabanaconde and Sibayo

25 festival of Santiago (St. James): Corporaque

26 festival of St. Anne: Maca

10 festival of San Lorenzo (St. Lawrence): Huambo

15 festival of the Virgin de la Asuncion: Chivay, Corporaque, Maca, Yanque

30 festival of St. Rose: Achoma y Chviay

30 ritual of the cleaning of the canals: Corporaque

29 festival of San Miguel (St. Michael): Corporaque

7 festival of the Virgin of the Rosary: Chivay, Maca, Tuti and Yanque

18 festival of St. Luke: Corporaque

1, 2 All Saint’s Days: all villages

29 festival of the Lord of Miracles: Chivay

8 Immaculate Conception: Chivay

Altitude: 3,399 metres above sea-level

Population: 257,571 inhabitants (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in native language: Its name derives from "qosqo" or navel, meaning that the capital of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire rested in the centre of the world.

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

DISTANCE CHART TO OTHER CITIES

The sole visit of Cusco would justify a trip to Perú. This city, an hour away from Lima by plane, is also known as the "Archaeological Capital of America". Situated in the centre of the Vilacanota - Urubamba valley, it symbolizes the maximum splendour achieved by the Andean civilization. It was the capital of the vast Inca empire which occupied part of what is now Colombia, Chile, North of Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia and Perú.

The region of Cuzco represented the achievement of a long process iniciated in the IX century B.C. The periods between 1476 and 1538 marks the peak of this process and it is known in Peruvian Archaeology as "Late or Inca Horizon".

Nowadays from the architectural point of view, Cuzco presents a mixture of both Inca and Spaniard elements for it was on the base of the Imperial Capital which the stately style of the conquerors was established. It is only enough to look at its perfect walls to understand the last period of Peruvian Pre-Hispanic Culture.

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the imperial capital had the shape of a puma and it was inhabited by the governing elite. Some temples, storage places, palaces, factories and fortresses are now concealed under the Spanish architecture, therefore remaining almost intact. Example of this are the TEMPLO DEL SOL or Coricancha, the palace of INCA ROCA, the ACCLLAHUASI (house of the virgins) the palaces of Huayna Capac or AMARUCANCHA and of Manco Capac or COLCAMPATA. The latter was the founder and first emperor of the vast empire. Apart from the Colcampata all the other building are situated around the present main square - Plaza de Armas which was named HUACAYPATA. This was the main centre of Ancient Cuzco, laid out by Manco Capac. It was the landmark from where all paths leading to the four different suyos, that is to say, the four regions of the Empire, began. The Incas considered these regions the four parts of the world.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND FOUR NEARBY RUINS

Length of the excursion: 3:30 hours

For three and a half hours the most important places of the Imperial city are visited, for example the Coricancha ("Qori" = Gold; "Cancha" = enclosure) which was the most important religious centre of the Empire over which the Spanish erected the church of SANTO DOMINGO. There they worshipped the sun: "inti", the moon: "quilla", the stars: "collor", thunder: "illapa", the rainbow: "c’uichi" and the mummies of the Incas.

The Cathedral, whose construction began in 1559, contains the greatest collection of colonial art; the Plaza de Armas, place where they celebrated the major religious festivals, the HATUNRUMIYOC, famous stone of 12 angles and other monuments will also be visited.

One of the most formidable Inca building is the fortress of SACSAYHUAMAN. The natives believe, that when seen from far, it has a similarity with the head of a hawk (huamán). The term "saijsai" means to "satiate" which associated to "huaman" would translate into "satiate yourself hawk". This fortress is located to the north of the city, next to the Colcapata district, at 3,570 m.a.s.l.. It is divided into the "religious sector", the "army sector" and the three bulwarks, the three main doors, the sewers, the Inca baths, the slide, the amphitheatre and the Chincanas.

The word QUENQO means in Quechua "labyrinth", "convoluted" and this is how two buildings close to one another are named. They have been built over outcrops of limestone. This complex is situated on a hill, east of Cuzco city, on the road which led to the Antisuyo, one of the four regions. This place must have been a very important sanctuary during the Inca Period. The story is that even in our times the Indians will come down from the highlands to carry out secret ritual ceremonies during the night, following local religious traditions. The Amphitheatre is built over the eastern side and has an eliptical shape. It is possible that the curve has been drawn according to astronomical concepts. It has a circular stone wall 55 m. long where there are 19 niches. In the centre there is a monolith with undefined features, possibly beaten by iconoclasts. In the inner part of the complex there exists an underground chamber which apparently was used for sacrifices. The ceiling, walls, tables larders and windows have been carved out of a single gigantic rock.

PUCA PUCARA means "red fortress", fortress because of its situation and the existence of a semi-circular room and red for the colour of the local earth. This archaeological group is found at 3580 m.a.s.l. and 7 km from Cuzco, over the right hand side of the road to Pisac. It is situated in a strategic place which dominates the whole territory. It has enclosures, interior squares, baths, aqueducts, watch towers and an easily recognised ancient path. "Tempu" means collective accomodation with everything needed to lodge many people for a short time, "Cachay" means resting place. Tradition knows TAMBOMACHAY as the "Ñusta" (Virgin) Baths. This is due to the special circunstance of having two aqueducts which provide clean water all year round. It comes from a remote place only known to the builders. It has a constant volume and the liquid gathers to pour through a beak which seems to have been a liturgical fountain. The building is erected against the hill and contains three corridors or terraces which are equivalent to three floors.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Length of excursion: 3 hours

We start our visit to the marvellous capital of the Inca Empire from the HANAN QOSCO (high Cuzco). Here we can admire the wall and niches of the COLCAMPATA ("Colca" = chamber; "PATA" = height). This palace was supposedly inhabited by the mythological founder of the Empire, Manco Capac. From here we have a magnificent view of the whole city and our guide will show the location of the thirteen quarters of old Cuzco: Colcampata, Cantupata, Pumacurco, Toqocachi, Munaysenca, Rimacpampa, Collasuyo, Pumacchupan, Chaquilchaqui, Picchu, Quillipata, Carhuenca y Huacapuncu.

We begin our descent to URIN QUOSCO (Low Cusco) along the typical inca alley of PUMACURCO ("Puma" = American feline; "Curco" = back). According to history it bears its name because there you could find enormous logs to which the felines were tied after being hunted so that the Inca could admire them. Continuing along our trip we arrive to the small PLAZOLETA DE LAS NAZARENAS, erected over part of the YACHAYHUASI ruins (house of knowledge) where the children of the nobility were taught. One can also observe here EL CALLEJON DE LAS SIETE CULEBRAS, on whose walls were carved seven serpents which form part of the Yachayhuasi. Descending along the San Agustín road one arrives at the INCA ROCA PALACE on whose central wall one can admire the stone of 12 angles. Finally, once in the centre of Urin Cosqo, we reach the Plazoleta of SANTO DOMINGO, whose tower is the greatest colonial landmark of the area. Here we will visit Coricancha, the most important religious centre of the Empire. To arrive at the Plaza de Armas, (main square) we will go along the Callejón Loreto, whose Inca name was AMARU CANCHA, facing on one side the Acllahuasi or Virginïs House and on the other the Palace of Huayna Cápac. Finally we will visit the CATHEDRAL and the ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM.

VISIT TO SEVEN NEARBY RUINS

Length of excursion: 3:30 hours

In the rainy season the road which goes to these ruins is practically impassable. In this case this visit will be replaced by another to equally interesting places.

As well as a visit to the ruins of SACSAYHUAMAN, QUENQO, PUCA PUCARA and TAMBOMACHAY, which we have already mentioned we will visit the ceremonial centre of Laqo. It means "river weed" in Quechua, although the peasants will call the monument "selnniyuk" which means "contains a hall" referring to the rooms carved in stone. Lago is a stone hill of grey limestone which extends over a plain. It was a well known Inca shrine, whose name is now unknown, and it must be one of the 350 huacas mentioned by Polo de Ondegardo in his Cuzco chronicles. It has suffered severe devastation and now only the enormous rock with its engravings remains. There are also two rooms carved in rock. The first corresponds to a gallery which is at the same level as the exterior explanade and which has a narrow entrance with carved steps. On the left hand there is cubicle carved in stone in a hexaedral shape which can shelter many people. On the top part of this cubicle there is a very small cubic shaped exit which leads to the exterior. Due to its ritualistic and esoteric features, people have renamed it MEDITATION TEMPLE.

The second room is on the right of an ample irregular staircase. One of the steps has a footprint carved on it but its meaning is unknown. In the entrance at head level and to the right there is carved on the rock a snake which glides horizontally. On the left on the lower part there is a sculpture of what was supposedly a puma. Both carvings have been almost completely destroyed by iconoclasts. This place is known as the MATERNITY TEMPLE.

K'USILLUCHAYOC means "has monkeys" in Quechua and is the name of a similar shrine to the one of Lago. It is located on the Inca Road which led to the valley of the Vilcanota River, between Lago and the district of San Blas. In the southwestern part of the complex there is a stone monument similar to the one in Quenqo, but smaller. It is carved with high relief figures of monkeys and serpents.It is worth mentioning the abundant representation of monkeys, thus the name of K'usilluchayoc. However it is surprising that a native animal of the jungle, could have had a shrine in this place. The reasons for these representations and their symbolic content in the Inca religion remains to be investigated.

The word "Lanlacu" means mischievous, and evil spirit, malefic and "Yuj" denotes belonging. It is interpreted as "the one who has a evil spirit". LANLACUYO is an enormous outcrop of limestone over which there are remains of art and industry of ancient Peruvians. They were skilled in using the enormous fissures of this hill turning them into phantasmagoric corridors. Lanlacuyo was undoubtedly another religious Inca centre with figures of gods, embalmed nobles, many chambers, plazas and service staff.

PISAC MARKET

Length of Excursion: 3:30 hours

Upon leaving Cuzco, climbing the Saphi Road and bordering the fortress of Sacsayhuaman one arrives at a pass of almost 4,000 metres, which divides the valley of Cuzco from the Vilcanota which later takes the name of Urubamba when reaching the town. The descent to Pisaq (2972 m.a.s.l) which in Quechua means: " partridge of great size", 33 km away from Cuzco is very suggestive and from viewpoints along the way the lovely sacred valley of the Incas and the snow peaks that surround it can be seen. It is a town famous for its peasant farm and handicraft fair which takes place three times a week on the main square. The timber oven where bread and delicious pastries are baked is very attractive and interesting. On Sundays the Varayocs or mayors of the communities attend mass in the local church wearing their best attire and the traditional sceptres.

PIQUILLACTA RUINS AND THE VILLAGE OF ANDAHUAYLILLAS

Length of excursion: 3.30 hours

The ruins of PUQUILLACTA (3,310 m.a.s.l) which in native language means: "City of Fleas" is 32 km southwest of Cuzco. It is of special interest for it is the only pre - Inca city in the region of Cuzco. The quarters, which conform this extense complex are separated by tall walls built of rough stone and mud. Their origin is attributed to the Huari culture.

The lovely village of ANDAHUAYLILLAS (3,122 m.a.s.l.) with rambling houses, boulevards and tall trees is famous for its main church built in the XVII century. The faboulous gilt ceiling and wall decorations have bestowed it with it the well deserved name of "The Sistine Chapel of América".

RUINS OF TIPON, PIQUILLACTA AND ANDAHUAYLILLAS

Length of excursion: 4 hours

It is probable that the term TIPON (3,416 m.a.s.l.) derives from the Quechua word "'timpuy" which means "where it boils" or "to boil", this due to the numerous underground springs. This important site is located close to km 17 of the road to Puno. A natural hollow with soft sloping sides, caused by the action of rainfall was transformed by the Incas into a succession of twelve enormous terraces that occupy twelve successive planes, covered laterally by terraces and by a group of buildings, making this area an earthly paradise with an excellent climate. In the area there are a series of fountains which served both utilitarian and ritual functions, thus there are a series of water canals where one can appreciate very clearly their great knowledge of hydraulics and the application of siphons. The ruins of PIQUILLACTA and the village of ANDAHUAYLILLAS have been described previously.

PISAQ MARKET AND RUINS

Length of excursion: 4:30 hours

Pisaq, as all the villages that lie on the Vilcanota and Urubamba, was reconstructed by the Spaniards on the settlement of an ancient Inca city, whose ruins are still visible in the outskirts of the village. Its inhabitants following a millenary tradition dedicate themselves to agriculture and textiles. The village is surrounded by formidable barriers of terraces which rise the mountains following the undulations of the mountains to reach an area known as INTIHUATANA, which is 3,024 metres above sea level. The construction of Pisaq consist of three groups: The Intihuatana or sanctuary, the fortress and the city itself.

"Inti" means sun "Huatana" means to tie, therefore it should stand for " Where the sun is tied and as the name suggests it could be related to astronomic observations.

Another place of great importance, for its dwellings in good standing, is the complex known as MAUCKA PANTEON "old pantheon", a "huaca" with many tombs.The district of PISAQ, situated to the southeast of Intihuatana, is formed by 30 chambers that are grouped fundamentally in two rows which follow the pattern of the terrain on which they lie The CCORIHUAYRACHINA - "Ccori" - Gold - "Huayrachina" - Windy place is an archaeological sector where there is a rock surrounded by a circular wall of polished stones, forming a small terrace, to watch over the east, south and west of the valley. URIN PISAQ, situated in the lower areas of the Intihuatana, is a citadel of 34 rooms and is surrounded by andenes of all shapes and sizes. KJALLA-KCASA, is a complex of 38 rooms on a higher rocky slope.

The archaeological site can be reached from the village by two ways : an ascending path of 5 km or a track of 10 km which reaches the place from behind the town of Pisac.

CHINCHERO MARKET

Length of excursion : 3:30 hours

Chinchero (3,672 m.a.s.l) or "rainbow village" boasts the most genuine Indian agricultural market of the region. It takes place every Sunday in its ample Square, surrounded by an imposing Inca wall of 2 metres and decorated by trapezoid niches. The barter system prevails. It is impressive to see the coloured clothing of the peasants that come from different communities. It is also worth visisting the colonial church built upon the foundations of an ancient Inca palace.

MACHU PICCHU

Length of excursion : all day

None of the Spanish choniclers or even Inca Garcilaso de la Vega give even the most remote information of this centennial city. Nothing was mentioned during the wars of conquest when the Incas took shelter in the region of Vilcabamba, next to the citadel. The travellers, such as the scholar Antonio Raimondi, who travelled and wrote about the area, do not mention it. Either MACHU PICCHU was totally ignored by the Spaniards and Republicans.

It wasn’t until 1901 that Mr. Enrique Palma, in company of Agustín Lizarraga and Gabino Sanchez reached Machu Picchu by the route of San Miguel, overcoming incredible perils due to the lack of proper paths and the steepness of the ascent.

However, the scientific discovery was made in 1911 by Hiram Bingham during his second trip to Perú. In one of his frequent exploration trips to the Urubamba Canyon in July he camped in Madorpampa, where he met the humble peasant Melcho Arteaga who told him that there were some ruins near the place and that they were very big. On the 24th of July, Bingham, along with the peasant and lieutenant Carrasco, reached the citadel and marvelled at the beauty of the scenery. They discovered that in the ruins there lived 2 Indians, Richate and Alvarez, who had been there for 4 years and that they cultivated in the terraces. They informed him that amid the folliage there were very interesting edifications.

Machu Picchu : " Machu" - Old - "Picchu" - point or summit, in its literal translation, should be the "top" or "old point". It is located 112.5 km north of Cuzco. It is on the left bank of the Urubamba River at 3,000 (a.s.l). The train ride from Cuzco lasts approximately 3:30 hours. As one crosses the extense Pampa de Anta, the sacred snow peaks of VERONICA and SALKATAY can be seen as you stop over in certain villages such as Chinchero and Ollantaytambo. (In the high season, when there is a greater influx of tourists there is a second trip of the train which starts at Ollantaytambo).

At this point the vegetation begins to take on the characteristics of the Amazon rainforest, rendering the scenery with constant ecological change. The train penetrates up to the station of Puente Ruinas, at the foot of the mountains. Up there, surrounded by powerful granite walls, Machu Picchu, The Lost City of the Incas emerges. The last part of the journey is made by van, which after zigzagging in a recently paved road of 8 km arrived sat the main entrance to the ruins.

Walls of up to 5 metres protect the complex, which consists of the WAYNA PICCHU, the TEMPLE OF THE MOON, the INTIPUNKU, the DRAWBRIDGE, the FARMING SECTOR and the URBAN SECTOR.

Within these sectors it is worth noting the Temple of the Three Windows, the Sacred Temple or Temple of the Sun, the Royal Tomb or Mausoleum, the Solar Clock or Intihuatana and the prison cells. The cemetery situated over the eastern terraces was guarded by the Ayacamayoc house or "guardian of the dead" .During the excavations 135 corpses were found, of which 109 are female. Thanks to the fact that the Spaniards had no knowledge of its existence, the complex is well preserved and has suffered no major destruction other than the weathering process.

For those who don’t have much time or would like to visit Machu Picchu in greater comfort, there is a service offered by a 25 seat helicopters which departs from Cuzco airport at 8:45 and which after visiting the ruins returns at 15:55.

PISAQ MARKET AND OLLANTAYTAMBO FORTRESS

Length of Excursion: 7 hours

After visiting the Indian Market at Pisaq, you continue along the road which runs parallel to the right bank of the Vilcanota-Urubamba River to arrive after 75 Km (from Cusco) to the village of Ollantaytambo (2,846 Km) whose name derives from Ollanta, captain general of the Antisuyo army, who rebelled in the period of Inca Pachacutec.

THE FORTRESS OF OLLANTAYTAMBO is located north of the village of the same name, perched on the slopes of a hill. It is one of the most important displays of military architecture of Inca times. The whole complex consist of temples, palaces, funerary galleries, mausoleums, barracks, religious chambers, trenches and storages for food and arms supplies. Outstanding are its walls, galleries, funerary chambers, the Great Central Shrine, a religious construction formed by an enormous monoliths, the access terraces, the farming terraces, the remains of the ancient village and the Ñusta Baths. Because of its location and strategic position, which dominates great part of the region, it has been defined as a fortress or fortified city.

The chronicler Cieza de León says "In Ollaytantambo, the Incas had the greatest stronghold of all their territorial possessions, settled over rocks, and only a few people were needed to defend it from many....".

CHINCHERO, MARAS, THE SALT MINES AND PICHINGOTO

Length of excursion: 8 hours.

During the rainy season this excursion can be modified because the road which leads to the salt mines of the Incas is not paved and sometimes it becomes impassable.

After visiting the " Village of the Rainbow "or CHINCHERO one follows the road to Urubamba to arrive after a brief journey along a dirt road to Maras (3,385 m.a.s.l) founded by the Spaniards. The facades of the houses on the main street are examples of typical colonial architecture and display family crests.

Following a dirt road for 4 Km one arrives at the Inca Salt Mines. From the mountains emerges a spring of lukewarm water with a high density of salt which the local peasants have canalised and distribute to more than 5,000 wells where the liquid evaporates, leaving behind a crust which is periodically extracted for its processing and commerce. For approximately one hour one descends along a path which borders the wells to reach the banks of the Urubamba River. Here one can visit the Caves of Pichingoto, inhabited since Inca times and currently occupied by local farmers.

TARAWASI RUINS AND SAYWITE STONE

Length of excursion: 8 hours

You may find the description to these two notable ruins in the programme: In the summit of the Andes: from Ayacucho to Cusco on page 26.

ONE-DAY TREKKING

For someone who wants to experience a day of emotions and adventure, visiting places little known to the common tourist, we have prepared a walk from the Ruins of Tipon to the village of Andahuaylillas. The departure from Cusco is at 9:00 a.m. and after a jouney of 23 km in a private car along a paved road we will arrive at the ruins of Tipón. After a visit to this extraordinary endeavour of hydraulic engineering we will take a path used by natives to reach the village of OROPESA, famous for its craft bakeries. From Oropesa one follows the path to the Huacarpay Lake, mirror of water, imbued in mythological legends, where one can observe a great variety of native and migratory birds.

The path is now in ascent until the ruins of Piquillacta, sole pre-inca remains of the region. One continues to the door of RUMICOLCA, ancient migratory control for those who travelled to and from the Collao Plateau, to descend soon to the village of PIÑIPAMPA, where all the local inhabitants are dedicate to the roof -tile industry.

We will finally reach our goal in the village of Andahuaylillas, where a private vehicle will be waiting for the return to Cusco.

TREKKING CAMINO INCA

Departure from the station of Santa Ana in Cusco in the first tourist train which leaves for Machu Picchu. After passing Ollantaytambo the Urubamba valley narrows, the vegetation becomes tropical and the characteristic great trees of the Amazon rainforest soon appear. The trekking to Machu Piccu will start at Km. 104 on the railway line. After a brief visit to Cachabamba on the other side of the river a steep ascent begins which lasts from 3 to 4 hours in order to reach the ruins of Wiñay Wayna, an important sacred Inca site. From here one takes the Inca trail which leads to the Puerta del Sol (Sun Door) or Intipunku from where one can first see the citadel of Machu Picchu. Box lunch, overnight stay is not included.

Morning dedicated to visiting the ruins. Lunch. In the afternoon return trip to Cusco by tourist train.

TREKKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU

The trek from Cusco to Machu Picchu demands phsyical fitness and adequate acclimatization. We follow the same route described in the 5-day programme but the daily distances covered are longer. Camps will be made in permitted areas and near ancient Inca ruins.

TREKKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU

Journey by bus or train from Cusco to Ollantaytambo with a stopover to visit the ruins. In Chillca we meet our porters, cooks and equipment. After a cold lunch the 4 hour trekking starts to the ruins of Llactapata. Camp and dinner.

Breakfast and trekking (climb) in ascent all day long up to Llucllucchapampa with a cold lunch along the way. Camping at 3,810 m.a.s.l. Dinner.

Breakfast. Climb to midpoint of trek to the pass of warmiwañusta at 4,200 m.a.s.l. Descent to the valley of Pacamayu to climb again to find the Inca stone trail which will take us to the Ruins of Runkurakay and Sayajmarca, and finally camp in the proximity of ChakicocHa. Lunch and dinner.

Arrival at Machu Picchu. After breakfast we will follow the Inca trail to visit PHUYUPATAMARCA and WIÑAY WAYNA. After going through two tunnels and the first tropical woods one arrives at INTIPUNKU or Sun Door, from where the Citadel of Machu Picchu can be first seen. The rest of afternoon is free to visit the ruins and later to come down to the campsite on the banks of the Urubamba river, where a delicious meal will be awaiting.

Breakfast and the rest of the time is free to return to Machu Picchu, to enjoy the thermal baths of Aguas Calientes or to visit the creek of Mandor to watch birds such as the Gallito de las Rocas (the small Rooster of the Rocks). In the afternoon return by train to Cusco.

IN THE ANDES SUMMIT: FROM CUSCO TO AYACUCHO

Length of programme: 2 days and one night

Along zigzagging roads that criss-cross the Andes and on board a comfortable tourist car, we will cover 598 kilometres which separate the Capital of the Inca Empire from that of the Huari Empire: AYACUCHO.

During this journey we will spend the night in Andahuaylas and visit the ruins of TARAWASI (2,554 m.a.s.l.), situated 77 km. from Cusco, on the banks of the Colorado or Suntur Mayo river. The name of these ruins means "tara" = a regional tree and "wasi" = house. The central part is enclosed by a great wall which covers three sides. The river Suntur Mayo and the Chakimayo stream have been canalized on the second platform and lastly the terraces are supported by containment walls of engraved and polished stones. The walls of the central building, which is shaped like parallelogram, are still in good condition but the forth side is yet to be discovered. The outer sides of the walls of the main platform have been finely engraved in the same style as the outer containment wall with 8 niches on 3 sides and 12 on the northeast side. Its structural and architectural characteristics are evidence that they envoyed renowned prestige in the region.

The SAYWITE monolith is situated on a temple west of the Saywite Valley and 45 km. from Abancay. It is found in an area of fountains and streams where there are half-bouried architectural remains. It is considered a Symbolic and Ecological Fontain and has been engraved with 203 relief figures adapted to the natural forms of the rock. It is an original creation produced by native minds and an everlasting record of their religious conceptions of water, the fertilization of the soil and the supernatural beings involved in these productive forces. The geographical environment has been represented in the undulations of the rock: mountains, gorges, vertical slopes, high lakes, rivers and their beds, canals and ditches leading to different directions. Acting as guards of these sacred places there are felines, pumas and watchful monkeys ready to spring impelled by their hind legs. However, the most important aspect of this rock are the anthropomorphic gods generally placed in couples, the woman carrying a pitcher in her hands at the sources of streams, rivers or dams. All this leads us to believe that the Valley of Saywite was an important religious centre, a privileged place of many fountains around which many temples were built and Indian artistic creations were produced.

110 km. from Ayacucho are the ruins of VILCASHUAMAN (3,470 m.a.s.l.), remains of an ancient military and religious centre upon which the Castillo de Osno or Temple of The Sun, stands out. It is one of the best preserved Inca ruins in Perú, in which townspeople still live amidst its palaces.

TOURIST CALENDAR

6 religious festival of the Magi: Ollantaytambo

20 religious festival of St. Sebastian: district of San Sebastián (Cusco)

Carnival - Movable date: the whole region

8 religious festival of St. John: Urubamba

Easter- Movable date: the whole region

2 religious festival of the Crosses: the whole region

24 religious festival of Inti Raymi: Cusco

16 religious festival of the Virgen del Carmen: Paucartambo

15 religious festival of the Virgen Asunta: Urubamba

8 religious festival of the Nativity: Paruro

24 religious festival of Santuranticuy: Cusco

Altitude: 186 metres above sea level

Population: 28,118 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: origin unknown

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

PUERTO MALDONADO, capital of the Madre de Dios department. It became known in the XIX century when Carlos Fermin Fitzcarrald initiated the exploitation of rubber. It is located in the confluencie of the rivers Tambopata and Madre de Dios and it is the access to various protected natural areas. It is a typical Amazon town, surrounded by exotic scenery and wonderful natural lakes. More than a million two hundred thousand hectares of the region are occupied by the MANU NATIONAL PARK, ecological reserve where the felling of trees and fishing and hunting other than for personal subsistence is strictly forbidden. This region, which borders Brazil and Bolivia, is the most "genuine" tourist areas of Amazon rainforest. It is only half an hour away from Cusco by plane but the distance which separates it from other urban centres plus the difficulties to reach it either by land or by river, has permitted this natural attraction to remain unaltered.

CUSCO AMAZONICO LODGE

The Cusco Amazonico Lodge is on the left bank of the Madre de Dios River 18 Km away from Puerto Maldonado and 40 minutes by river. It has a social centre and 42 rustic lodges with private bathrooms made of wood with palm leaves in the typical style of the local natives. It is surrounded by exhuberant vegetation and offers the minimum comforts for those who wish for a tourist experience in the Amazon rainforest.

The package tour of two or three days allows you to make interesting visits to the surroundings guided by natives who only speak Spanish. During the visit to Lake Sandoval, primitive rainforest of overwhelming beauty, one can contemplate the beautiful scenery and be in close contact with the Amazon wildlife. To reach this paradise place one has to travel by motorboat and trek for 5 Km.

EXPLORER’S INN LODGE

This lodge is similar to Cusco Amazonico. However, it only has 30 lodges and a social centre. On the banks of the Tambopata River it is three hours away from Puerto Maldonado by boat and at the gateway of the Natural Reserve. The package of three days and two nights includes a visit to Lake Cocococha which has similar characteristics to those of Lake Sandoval.

The lodge also organizes expeditions to the COLLPA DE LOS PAPAGALLOS. To reach this distant spot, you need 8 hours by boat on the Tambopata River. We stay overnight in a rustic inn (unique atmosphere, with hammocks and shared bathrooms) and before dawn of the next day we arrive at a camouflaged viewpoint from where there is a wonderful view: on a nearby hill thousands of papagallos (parrots) of diverse species perch to feed on the clay and mineral salts which the place contains.

MANU NATIONAL PARK

Lenght of programme : variable between 4 and 5 days.

We will leave from the hotel for the Cusco airport early in the morning to board a small plane equipped with a radar for a 35 minutes flight to Boca Manu airport. Here we will board a motor boat to navigate for 90 minutes along the Madre de Dios river to reach the Manu Willife Center, a rustic lodge located near the Manu National Park. In the first afternoon we will go for a visit to the unpolluted rainforest in the surrounding of the lodge. During the journey we will see some of the 12 species of monkeys which leave in the area, among which we may find the Saki Monkey and the Tamarin Emperor. After dinner there is an optional trek of 60 to 75 minutes to see, from prepared hidden spots, the arrival of tapirs (Sachavacas) which gather at a pond of still water. In the morning of the second day we will navigate for 25 minutes to the only "Collpa de Papagayos" , existing in Manu. Froma floating raft we will have a wonderful opportunity to take pictures of the different species of papagayos (paraqueets) which arrive from remote places to feed on the clay and salt of a hill. This, however does not occur durign the months oa May, June and July.

In the afternoon we visit two nearby lakes, inhabited by a large variety of aquatic birds, including the Hoatzin, considered a prehistoric species.

After dinner we can return to the pond of tapirs.

During the morning of the third day, in the company of a native guide, we will go along paths close to the lodge to see a large number of species of monkeys and aquatic birds. One can go back to one of the lakes previously visited. The afternoon is free to rest or to walk around.

After breakfast of the fourth day we return to Boca Manu to board the plane to Cusco.

For the 5 days programme the morning of the fourth day will be dedicated to navigate for 25 minutes on a motor boat to the estuary of the Blanco River, a tributary of the Manu River. Here we will take a native rowing boat and silently we will see primates swaying from lianas and varied species of birds. It is possible to swim or fish in tne Blanco River. Return to the Lodge.

The return to Cusco by plane will be on the morning of the fifht day.

TOURIST CALENDAR

24 religious festival of San Juan (St. John): the whole region

27 to 31: Agricultural and Regional Fair

Altitude: 3, 827 metres above sea level

Population: 89,745 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: it derives from the term "puna" meaning "very high lands of harsh and freezing climate"

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

CHART OF DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

The city of puno is situated at 3,827 m.a.s.l. on the shores of lake titicaca, the highest navigable mirror of water in the world. This great lake of blueish-turquoise water covers 8,200 Km² north east of the Eastern Range and southwest of the Western Range. It is a teutonic hollow 210 Km long, 95 wide and 370 metres deep. According to legend, the Inca dynasty was born from its waters, but even before, the Titicaca and its islands had been considered sacred by ancient dwellers.

Situated on the Meseta del collaO (collao plateau), domain of the ancient aymaras, this region has a different geography and culture from those which flourished in Andean territories. It was founded by the Conde de Lemos in 1668. It is easy to reach by land or by train from Cusco, using the famous Andes train, and/or by plane from Arequipa, Cusco or Lima. The airport is in the city of Juliaca, 40 Km from Puno. It has cold dry weather and scarce vegetation, mainly ichu, a grass on which alpacas and vicuñas feed.

Lake Titicaca and the mountain range which is on the border with Bolivia, form part of the southeastern Peruvian territory. On the shores there are centennial villages with great historic tradition who maintain their cultural identity to our days.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Length of the excursion: 2:30 hours

Puno, considered the folklore capital of Perú and South América has colonial monuments such as the cathedral, situated on the Plaza de Armas (Main Square) founded in the XVII century and well-known for its carvings in stone. La casa del conde de lemos, the library and the art gallery and the churches of san juan bautista, la merced and san antonio de padua. The visit to the dreyer museUm is also very interesting for it contains and important collection of pieces from the Nasca, Paracas, Tiahuanaco, Chimu and Inca culture. On a hill near the Plaza de Armas, there is a statue of the first Inca Manco Capac which overlooks the waters from where he once emerged.

The excursion finishes in the hill of huajsapata, from where there is a magnificent panoramic view of the lake and the city.

FLOATING ISLANDS OF THE UROS

Length of excursion: 3 hours

Taking advantage of the services of motor boats it is easy to arrive at the ISLAS FLOTANTES DE LOS UROS (Tocanipa, Huaca Huancani and Santa María). These floating islands formed by a layer of totora (reed which grows abundantly in the lake) are inhabited by the descendants of the ancient ethnia known as Urus, who upon being rejected by the Aymaras, had no other option than to live isolated from other communities. They live in extreme poverty and they make a living out of fishing, the farming of few vegetables and the extraction of totora which they use to feed themselves, to build their vessels and construct their dwellings. They survive by selling small handicrafts they manufacture.

TAQUILE AND AMANTANI ISLANDS

The visit to the island of Taquile (3,867 m.a.s.l.) can be easily combined with one to the Uros. It is the greatest island in Peruvian territory and is situated in the middle of the lake. The beauty of the place and the fertility of its soil and terraces were argument enough for the King of Spain to designate it "Colonnial Estate". It is two hours from Puno by boat and is inhabited by a small community who lives happily protected by the sun and the mountain gods, keeping their customs alive. From the port, where we are met by inhabitants in their traditional dress we have to climb a steep path to reach the village. The place shelters Inca ruins which can be visited before returning to Puno.

For those who do not seek comfort we offer an overnight stay in the humble dwellings of the peasants, an unforgettable experience. If weather conditions are favourable, there is a beautiful dawn to be seen, having the Bolivian Royal Mountain Range for a background.

The island of amantani (3,867 m.a.s.l.) on the eastern side of the lake, 4 hours from Puno by boat is a fascinating place. It has Inca ruins, amongst which the great stone throne stands out and from its shores an extraordinary panoramic view can be experienced. Many of the dwellers only speak Aymara dialect and have never visited the "mainland".

CHULLPAS DE SILLUSTANI

Length of excursion: 3 hours

35 Km. from Puno, dominating the umayo lake (Lake of Death) stand the ruins of Sillustani (3,824 m.a.s.l.) characterized by its chullpas, circular funerary towers of notable dimension and finely carved in stone. According to history, these were the tombs of the families of high class collas, previous to the Inca culture and of Aymara origin. The place is complemented by mysterious chambers where presumably mystical rituals were performed.

For those who do not have much time this visit can be done during the journey to or from the Juliaca airport to Puno.

FERTILITY TEMPLE

Length of excursion: 2:30 hours

It is an important Inca temple built near the present village of Chucuito (3,871 m.a.s.l.). The mystery of the place is a series of buried Lithic Phalli, probably fertility symbols during some magic religious ceremonies.

VILLAGE OF COPACABANA AND ISLAND OF THE SUN

Length of Exursion: 8 hours

To reach the village of Copacabana in Bolivian territory, you drive along the Peruvian western shore of Lake Titicaca. This permits you to visit many villages of ancient cultural and historic tradition. During the way chucuito (3,871 m.a.s.l.), acora (3,867 m.a.s.l.), ilave (3,847 m.a.s.l.), juli (3,869 m.a.s.l.), pomata (3,863 m.a.s.l.)and yunguyo (3,826 m.a.s.l.) stand out on the border with Bolivia. After all the immigration paperwork one gets to Copacabana, famous for having the oldest church in South America ( "qopa" which identifies a turqouise and "qahuana" which means viewpoint. There is a viewpoint from where you can see a beautiful blueish-green scenery. After lunch, we sail to isla del sol which is still home to Aymara ruins. The return to Puno is in the afternoon.

RUINS OF TIAHUANACO AND PUMAPUNKU

Length of excursion: 8 hours

The border with Bolivia, via Desaguadero, is 150 Km away from Puno. You follow the road to Copacabana until Yunguyo and with some free time available there is the possibility of visiting some typical villages. 70 Km. after the customs control one arrives at the ruins of TIAHUANACO. This archaeological area is situated on the southern shores of Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia but the development and great influence this culture had in Peruvian territory compels us to include it in our itineraries. The main archaeological monuments to be visited are kalasasaya, the temple of akapana, keri-kala, pumapunko and the famous puerta del sol (Sun Door). This latter monument, carved in one single block of stone, of almost four by three metres is the best preserved of all. A cold lunch will be served. The return to Puno is in the afternoon.

TOURIST CALENDAR

15 to 19 religious festival of San Juan: Juliaca

15 to 19 Pacha Tata y Pacha Mama - Offerings to the Earth: Amantaní Island

2 religious festival of the Virgen de la Candelaria: Puno

2 religious festival of the Crosses: the whole region including the islands

15 religious festival of San Isidro el Labrador: Taquile Island

16 religious festival of the Virgen del Carmen: Pucará

1 religious festival of Santiago ( St. James): Taquile Island

29 religious festival of San Miguel Arcangel: Ilave

1st week: religious festival of Virgen del Rosario: Pomata

10 religious festival of San Francisco de Borja "Tata Pancho": Yunguyo

5 religious festival of Manco Capac and Mama Occllo: Puno

8 religious festival of the Immaculate Conception: Juli

Altitude: 588 metres above sea level

Population: 51,497 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: short for "nanasca" which at the same time derives from "nanay". It means "to hurt" either physically or emotionally. This is probably due to the sufferings which the ancient Nascas had to face because of their inhospitable territory.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Nasca is the capital of the Nasca province built in a desert region. It has dry weather with high temperatures during the day and cooler at night. It is situated 444 km south of Lima and is easily reached along the Panamericana highway, now completely paved.

The area has recently been designated "WORLD HERITAGE TRUST" by Unesco and is considered one of the greatest archaeological sites in the country for its countless ruins, the lines and figures of the Pampa of Jumana, the numerous necropolis, the great ceremonial and administrative centres and the aqueducts which occupy more than 350 Km² of its territory.

The place is world-known for the figures and lines of the pampa of juMana (term derived from "yumay" which means "to procreate", and the ending "na" meaning" the place where it occurs"), known currently as Pampa de Nasca, designed on the desert 1500 years ago by the ancient Nascas.. There have been many archaelogists and scientists who have come up with numerous theories about their origins but until now no one holds the definite truth.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND NEARBY RUINS

Length of Excursion: 2 hours

After a brief visit to the main streets of the city, the main square and the market, we continue to the ruins of the paredones, partly destroyed by the construction of the road from Nasca to Cusco. It was meant to be an Inca administrative centre in which the transit of travellers and their cargoes going to or returning from the Andes were controlled. Near this place on a small plateau, the dibujos del telar (drawings of the loom) can be seen. These represent the woof of a loom with its ball and needle.

On the left of the Tierra Blanca River there is the cantalloc aqueduct. It consists of 150 metres of open canal and 300 metres of an underground aqueduct forming two streams. The buried part has openings that appear certain distances apart used for the cleaning of the canal, something which is still done once a year. The underground aqueduct is 70 cm high and 50 wide. The materials used are gravel and flagstones. The water is collected in an old cocha (reservoir), now conditioned with cement. The constant droughts and creativeness of the ancient Nascas led to construct 35 aqueducts in the whole valley.

CHAUCHILLA NECROPOLIS

Length of excursion:3 hours

This necropolis situated 30 Km south of Nasca on an arid plain, next to the Trancas River was used in the Late Nasca Period first by the Huaris and then by the Incas. Mummies, human bones, remains of ceramics and textiles, have been all left in the open by the "huaqueros" (tomb defilers).

CAHUACHI RUINS

Length of excursion: 3:30 hours

34 Km west of Nasca, after a journey along an uneven dirt road, Cahuachi is reached (from "qahuachi" or "jahuachi" which means "nosey" or "to meddle"). It is a vast ceremonial centre presently under being studied by the Italian Pre-Columbian Study Centre directed by Prof. Giuseppe Orefici. This enormous pilgrimage centre was occupied by the first phases of the Nasca culture but was suddenly abandoned for no apparent reason. It has a series of adobe pyramids with the typical characteristics of the region: vast courtyards, chambers, corridors, silos for grain and water and on the exterior of the enormous wall which protected the whole complex, an extense area of cemeteries.

CHICCHITARA PETROGLYPHIS AND HUAYURI RUINS

Length of excursion: 5 hours

40 Km north of Nasca, in the fertile Palpa valley (slight distorsion of the term "palca" which means "forking" in reference to its topography), two narrow valleys meet each with its own river: Viscas and Palpa. On their slopes there are tens of engraved stones with zoomorphic, antropomorphic and geometric figures. Many engravings are similar to the designs of the Pampa of Jumana, such as the spirals, of symbolic and religious nature.

Ten kilometres north of Palpa, on the other side of a mountains range in the Santa Cruz Gorge is the lost city of huayuri (its name could derive from "huaylluy" which means "to love with tenderness or idyllic love". As this plain lies between Palpa and Ica, the toponymy would be "love plain"). The name of "lost city" is due to its strategic position nestled in an arid gorge, amongst high hills and with only one access which offered it safety and protection. There are hundreds of rooms and shrines, courtyards and silos for grain and water. The abundance of llama bones lead us to believe it was a resting place between the ocean and the Andes.

PALENTHOLOGICAL CEMETERY OF SACACO AND LOMAS

Length of excursion: 4 hours

Near the Panamericana highway, 80 Km. south of Nasca, there is an enormous marine trough which is called sacaco. Due to continuous cataclysms which modified the structure of the earth, great quantities of whales, enormous sharks and shellfish were isolated in this trough and can now be seen in a small local museum in the form of fossils. The area has been ravaged by collectors, so many of these fossils are on display in Natural History Museums abroad.

On the way back to Nasca we will visit the small fishing port of Lomas, an important centre of craft fishing which provides the capital with fine fish and seafruits.

SACACO AND PUERTO INCA

Length of excursion: 6 hours

After the visit to sacaco, previously described, you continue along the Panamericana highway up to Km 605 and after a short stretch of dirt road one arrives at a beautiful beach on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Spread on either side of this ravine (also known as "ravine of the cow"), are the ruins of puerto inca, an enormous settlement in the Inca Period, inhabited by fishermen who extracted fish and shellfish. After drying them in the sun they sent them to Cusco along a wide path we can still partially see. In the front part of the rooms there are more than a hundred deep silos which were needed to preserve water and grain. The whole place is surrounded by huge pens where the llamas which took the cargo to Cusco rested. In the kilometres of hills which surround the place there are hundreds of farming terraces where they cultivated grains to feed the population and roughage for the cargo animals.

There is a hostal with simple but comfortable rooms and a restaurant where you can enjoy fresh fish and sea fruits.

PUNTA SAN FERNANDO

Length of excursion: 6 hours

This is an ideal programme for lovers of nature and adventure in the desert. In 4 wheel drive vans you cross a sandy desert to arrive in punta san fernando, after 40 Km. of a bumpy road, it is a a paradise on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to the enormous difficulties of the road, the abundant and varied wildlife which inhabits the cliffs and beaches remain almost indifferent to the presence of man.

The condors which dive from the heights of the Andes during the summer months fly so low that you can almost touch them. On the beaches there are hundreds of sea lions which observe the visitors unmoved. Thousands of birds of diverse species fly over the coastline diving into the waters to catch their prey. A cold lunch will be served during the visit.

The return to Nasca is more cumbersome and visitors have to walk parts where it is dangerous to use cars. For those with extra time we recommend camping to spend two wonderful days in close contact with the unspoilt nature.

PAMPA GALERAS

BARBARA D’ACHILLE NATURAL RESERVE

Length of exursion: 6 hours

In only 2 hours, along the paved road which goes from Nasca to Cusco we reach pamPa galeras, an extense plateau at 4,200 m.a.s.l. This vast plain, covered in ichu (thick grass which grows in freezing temperatures over 4,000 metres and on which vicuñas feed) is the main and greatest vicuña breeding area of PerU. Those animals are organised in family group, made up by a male and a number of females. They have fine wool, appreciated and highly valued in world markets (approx. US$ 950.00 per kilo). The guards will be in charge of explaining the different aspects of those animals and their incredible customs. A cold lunch will be served during the excursion.

With the recovery of the vicuña, a one time endangered species, the ancient festival of the chakku has revived. This prehispanic ceremony, presided by the Inca in ancient times, consists in gathering the animals in special pens to shear them collectively. This ceremony is preceded by the "pagapa" or payment to the "Pachamama" (mother earth). Peasants from different communities and owners of the flocks, waving poles with multicoloured ribbons, scare the animals from the mountains into the pens, shouting "Chakku, Chakku!".

In the guards headquaters one can watch folklore dances and enjoy typical Andean dishes.

FLIGHT OVER THE PAMPA OF NASCA

Length of Exursion: variable

The place where the famous designs and lines, attributed to the Nasca Culture, are located is a stony desert situated 20 Km. northeast of the city of Nasca. In this arid area with no topographic elevation and over a surface of hundreds of kilometres stretch out a series of lines (some over 8 Km long) which form triangles, trapezes, squares, spirals, flowers, figures of birds, reptiles, whales, monkeys and spiders. The system of construction is very simple. The desert has a base of greyish-white sand, completely covered by small darker gravel. This was caused by the fragmentation of rocks of greater size, over a period of millions of years, as a consequence of the extreme temperatures between night and day. To trace a line or a determined geometrical area, it was only necessary to clear the area of gravel, clean the underlying surface and outline the border with the gravel which was cleared. What is difficult to comprehend is how they managed to calculate the scales for such a major endeavour.

The flights over the pampa of jumana are carried out in small 3 to 5 seat passenger airplanes.

FLIGHT LIMA- PAMPA OF JUMANA - LIMA

Length of excursion: 7:30 hours

At 9:30 in the morning small private airplanes with 12/15 seats take off to Ica (approx 50 min. flying time) where a smaller 3/5 seat aircraft is boarded to fly over the Nasca lines (approx. 1.20 minutes). This visit includes the regional Museum of Ica and lunch in a restaurant. Transport to and from hotels in Lima must be added.

FLIGHT ICA - PAMPA OF JUMANA - ICA

Length of excursion: 1:20 hours

This flight is combined with the previously mentioned excursion. However transport from and to hotels in Lima, lunch and the visit to the museum are not included.

FLIGHT PISCO - PAMPA OF JUMANA - PISCO

Length of excursion: 1:50 hours

This flight which can be easily combined with the visit to the Ballestas Islands, departs from Pisco Airport, 10 Km away from the Paracas Hotel.

LOCAL FLIGHT IN NASCA

Lenght of excursion: 40 minutes

If weather conditions are favourable the local flight can take place from 7 in the morning until 4:30 or 5 in the afternoon. Due to the closeness to Nasca this excursion enables a better observation of the figures and lines than in the flight from Paracas or Ica.

TOURIST CALENDAR

23 holiday to commemorate political creation of the Province of Nasca: Nasca

2 festival of the Crosses: the whole valley

24 Chakku or vicuña festival - Pampa Galeras

Altitude: at sea level

Population: variable as it is a seaside resort

Meaning in native language: it is derived from the winds whose name is etymologically composed as follows: "para" meaning "rains" and "aca" distorted from "aco" meaning "sands: In conclusion: it means: "rains of sand".

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

The resort of Paracas, 250 Km south of Lima is important both ecologically for its closeness to the National Reserve of the same name and for the prehispanic culture which inhabited the region between 100 BC and 100 AC. It was first studied by the Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello in 1925. While he was excavating he found a vast necropolis where the mummies in a fetal position were wrapped in cotton and finely embroidered textiles currently famous worldwide. Both the burials in the Paracas Caverns and the Necropolis are presently buried to prevent their deterioration by wind and air. It is worth visiting the julio c. tello museum to observe the deformed skulls, a sign of nobility in this period.

This immense and extremely desert peninsula of whimsical shape is part of the national reserve of paracas. The most visited places are the rocky formation of the cathedral and la mina beach, the fishermen’s cove of lagunilla and the lobos mirador.

The bay of Paracas has an important place in Peruvian history as it is here where the Generalísimo José de San Martín, the main protagonist of Peruvian independence disembarked on September 8th, 1820.

Following the route of Los Libertadores, a paved road which joins Pisco and Ayacucho, in a short journey of 40 Km. we arrive at the Inca ruins of tambo colorado (Red Inn) an important administrative settlement which controlled the travellers from the coast to the Andean regions.

EXCURSION TO THE BALLESTAS ISLAND

Length of excursion: 2 hours

2 daily trips from the Paracas Hotel Quay: 08:00 to 10:00 and 10:00 to 12:00

The Ballestas Islands are situated 30 minutes by boat from the hotel quay and are part of this important National Reserve. Soon after departure one passes the Port of Punta Pejerrey and before reaching open sea, we sail 2 Km parallel to the coastline from where we can see the famous candelabro (Chandelier) a strange figure traced on the slopes of a sandy hill, which is similar to a tree or chandelier. This island has an abundance of wildlife mainly sea lions in their two varieties: "mongrel sea lion" (Otaria byronia) and "full bred" (Arctocephalus australis), sea cats (Lutra felina) and humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldt). There are also thousands of marine birds such as the pelican (Pelicanus thagus), rayador (Rynchops nigra cinerascens), Piquero común (Sula Veriagata), Guanay (Phalacrocorax boungainvillii) and many others.

Altitude: 3,052 metres above sea level

Population: 66,331 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: from the word "guara" which means trousers. The legend goes that when the Quechuas arrived to conquer they found that the inhabitants wore short trousers of wide legs which are the true guaras. They exclaimed in surprise "guara! guara!" since they themselves wore skirts like Scottish kilts.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

HUARAZ, capital of the department of Ancash is situated 421 Km northeast of Lima. The journey goes along the North Panamericana highway for 200 Km., and at Paramonga begins its ascent to the Conococha pass at 4,020 m.a.s.l. Here the Santa River, which runs from south to north begins forming the callejon de huaylas, a deep valley which divides the Blanca (white) and Negra (black) ranges. The cordillera blanca is considered the highest and most beautiful tropical mountain range in the world. It has a length of 180 Km. and more than 100 mountain peaks many of which are over 6,000 metres high. This is the starting point for wonderful excursions, ideal both for traditional and adventure tourism. One can try trekking, rock and ice cliff climbing and river rafting. It is worth noting that at a few kilometres from Huaraz is the huascaran National park (Huascarán derives fron "huasca" or rope and "uran" meaning downwards. Supposedly it would mean: a rugged mountain whose descent could only be possible with the help of a rope). The mountain is the highest in Perú at 6,768 metres high.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Lenght of excursion: 3 hours

huaraz is a typican Andean city, almost totally reconstructed after the 1970 earthquake which left more than 60,000 casualties in the area. Different cultures flourished such as chavin and recuay. The latter (200 B.C. to 700 A.C.) was characterized by the technique of carving in granite andecita and granodiorite. Included in the excursion is the visit to the regional archaeological museum, founded in 1935, in whose garden great number of sculptures in stone are exhibited. It is considered "the greatest lithic Museum in Latin America". A few kilometres away from the city, one arrives at the ruins of huilcahuain, a centre of scientific interest in the region after Chavin. It appears by its etymology (huillca: sacred) that it was an ancient centre or shrine of the High Santa valley inhabitants. There is no similarity between these ruins and those of Chavin, since the Huilcahuain wall is built from stones joined together with mud in a primitve manner, different from the sophistication of Chavin of Huantar. These ruins are erected upon a flat platform of approximately 54 by 35 metres. In the centre is the "Temple of the Three Terraces" with a size of 10 by 15 metres and a height of 9 metres. In the inside it has galleries on each floor and stepped platforms. The galleries were rooms. The temple has openings or air shafts in all rooms and fresh air circulates in the whole building even today. There is no communication between the floors.

CHAVIN OF HUANTAR RUINS

Length of excursion: 8 hours

This great ceremonial complex is considered the cradle of andean civilization. It is here were the most important cultural manifestations in this part of the country lie. It is located at 116 Km. from Huaraz in the Callejón de Conchucos, in a magnificent ravine, between the Puckha and Wacheksa rivers, at an altitude of 3,177 m.a.s.l. There is a dirt road, not always in good conditions, which has the highest tunnel, of Cahuysh at 4,150 m.a.s.l. The word Chavin may derive from "chaupín" which means central part possibly referring to the shrine or castle in the central part of the complex. The history of this culture according to radio carbon dating may have started around 1,800 B.C. flourishing in 800 A.D. in the Formative Period. The ruins consist of buildings erected in different periods. The oldest or templo temprano (Early Temple) is a pyramidal structure apparently constructed in platforms. Opposite this temple is a sunken circular plaza, 21 metres in diameter, reached by 4 equidistant stone steps. The walls are covered by engraved polished steles with relief figures which represent zoomorphic figures. New additions to the early temple give way to the well-known castillo or (Late Temple). It consists of 4 sections built at different times. Its walls have been erected on the bases of stones cut in a paralelepiped shape and arranged in horizontal rows. Embeded in these walls were stone heads which in later centuries would become a very popular architectonic element in prehispanic Perú. Facing the east there is an elaborate portico known as the portico de las falconidas, which was the entrance to the temple.

In the centre of the lower gallery in the Early Temple embedded in the ground there is a great idol, a stone sculpture 4.53 metres high in the shape of a spear, therefore the name "el lanzon". Its mythological representation has been named ""el dios sonriente" (the Smiling God) as the corners of its lips curve upwards. The complexity of the sculpture suggests the presence of an important divinity in the magic and religions realm of Chavín.

Besides this mythological masterpiece there are two other main sculptures: the estela raimondi (Raimondi Stele) and the "obelisco tello" (Tello Obelisk).

HUASCARAN NATIONAL PARK AND LLANGANUCO LAKE

Length of excursion: 6 hours

56 Km. from Huaraz we find the village of Yungay, completely destroyed and covered by an avalanche during the earthquake of 1970. From here we take a dirt-road of 26 Km., which can be very difficult during the rainy season, to arrive at the lake llanganuco (its name derives from "llanka" o puna - a very arid and cold moor - and "nucu" which means "terror" originated by the puna. The explanation lies in the fact that upon crossing neighbouring paths it was, and still is, frequent to hear the echoing thunder caused by the avalanches which panicked travellers. The HUASCARAN NATIONAL PARK, with 340,000 hectares, has been declared World Heritage Trust by Unesco in 1985. Lake Llanganuco is a radiant turquoise mirror and it lies between the Huascarán and Huandoy peaks. It is possible to trek around to take in the beauty of the place.

PASTORURI GLACIER

Length of excursion: 5 hours

To reach the glacier, a permanently snow covered summit at 5,000 m.a.s.l. we make a journey of 45 Km. on a paved road and another 25 more on a dirt track passing by the typical Andean villages of recuay, ticapampa and catac. During the journey we will experience an extraordinary panoramic view of the Cordillera Blanca. Before arriving at our destiny we will detour to pachacoto where we will be able to admire the biggest flowers in the world: la puya raimondi. After the pass of Huarapasca, we will start a short walk towards the pastoruri peak (it can also be done on horse), the only ski slope in the country.

TOURIST CALENDAR

6 religious festival of the Magii: the whole valley

20 religious festival of Virgin of Chiquinquira: Caraz

23 religious festival of the Virgin of Belenita: Huaraz

2 festival of the Crosses: the whole valley

23 Women’s day: the whole valley

Easter- Movable date: the whole valley

2 religious festival of the Señor de la Soledad (Lord of Solitude): Huaraz

8 religious festival of the Virgin Purísima: Llamellín

24 religious festival of St. John: Pallasca

29 religious festival of St. Peter: Corongo

8 religious festival of St. Isabel : Huaylas

25 religious festival of Apostle St. James: Aija and Pallasca

4 religious festival of St. Domingo: Yungay

6 religious festival of the Virgin of the Nieves (Snow): Sihuas

15 religious festival of the St. Roque: Mancos - Yungay

30 religious festival of St. Rose: Chiquián and Yungay

14 religious festival of the Lord of Burgas: Recuay

14 religious festival The Exaltación de la Cruz (Elevation of the Cross): Huaraz

24 religious festival of Virgen de las Mercedes: Carhuaz

7 religious festival of the Virgen del Rosario: Yungay - Carhuaz

12 religious festival of the Virgen del Pilar: Ticapamba - Recuay

1 All Saint’s Day: the whole valley

Altitude: 34 metres above sea level

Population: 508,716 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: this is a Spanish word named after the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro in Spain.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Trujillo is situated 562 km. north of Lima and is the capital of the department of La Libertad. It has a very pleasant climate during most of the year this being why it is also called "the capital of Spring". It was founded on December 26th 1534 by Francisco Pizarro. Many of its "casonas" (mansions) still maintain their colonial flair and are thus preserved to charm visitors. In the pre-Inca period this territory was first occupied by the mochica and then by the chimu. Close to the Pacific Ocean it boasts beautiful beaches such as Huanchaco and Santa Rosa.

CHAN CHAN RUINS, HUANCHACO RESORT AND HUACA DEL DRAGON

Length of excursion: 3 hours

Chan Chan has an area of 20 km² and it is one of ancient Perú’s greatest and important urban centre. It is situated at only 5 km. from Trujillo on the right slopes of the Moche Valley. It was the capital of Gran chimor (Chimú) an empire which flourished during the times of the Late Intermediate Period when the centralised Huari Empire declined. The legend goes that the Empire was founded by tacaynamo, an emperor who arrived to the Moche valley from the ocean on a wooden raft. He gathered political and priestly powers as he had been sent to rule that land. He established a dynasty of rulers who were able to conquer the people from Tumbes to Carabayllo. However they were stopped short in Lima unable to defeat the resistance of the settlers of Maranga. It is evident that the Great Chimor was the greatest and most complex political and economic organization before the Cusco domination, Chan Chan being the centre of its administrative activities and the place where the Royal Palaces were built. The foundation of this city can still not be dated precisely but an approximate date is around 850 A.D. Its splendour began in the 13th Century. The building materials were adobe bricks and stones joined together with mud. They also used plants such as algarrobo, cane, reeds and totora. In the heart of the city there is a civic centre which extends along 6 km² forming 10 rectilinear chambers erected upon a prepared terrain. They are now called: Gran Chimú, Bandelier, Uhle, Chayhuac, Tschudi, Rivero, Tello, Labarinto, Velarde and Squier. They are surrounded by walls that measures 7 metres in height by 7 in length. On them there are remains of wall paintings niches and high relief decorations obtained by mouldings which represented harmonic images of 2 headed serpents and alternating fish, birds and geometric figures. They can only be reached through one entrance giving them an atmosphere of independence from the rest of the city. It is believed that at the time of splendour it was inhabited by 100,000 people.

The seaside resort of huanchaco is situated 12 km north of Trujillo and is very popular with surfers. In this hamlet the "caballitos de totora", reed vessels used since the times of the Mochicas are still used for craft fishing.

Around Chan Chan a chain of lesser cities developed some of which seem to have been the residence of local dynasties or other administrative Chimu centres. The most prominent and partially reconstructed in 1963 is the huaca del dragon or Arco Iris (Rainbow). This monument is made up of 3 parts a perimetral wall 228 m long which emcompassed a surface of 3,152 m² and an entrance facing the northeast. There is a trapezoidal platform of 777 m² and 4.5 m. high and a second one 366 m² and 3 m. high. The whole complex is decorated with reliefs moulded in mud. It seems that the zoomorphic representations of the Chimú Huacas are inserted in a mystic context and are totem symbols within their religious concepts.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND THE CASSINELLI MUSEUM

Length of excursion: 3 hours

The architecture of Trujillo is similar to that of Lima, capital of the ViceRoyalty, in design and colour. The layout of the city, attributed to Miguel de Estete, is that of a checkerboard of immense dimensions. Between 1685 and 1687 it was surrounded by a defensive wall to protect it from the British and French pirates who raided the Peruvian coast. The facades of the most prominent houses were adorned with the famous barred windows of Moorish influence; they have great artistic value due to the fine wrought iron metal work, carried out with great skill.

The visit includes the plaza mayor, the biggest main square in Perú, the calonge urteaga mansion, the house of mariscal de orbegozo, la casa de la emancipacion, la plaza del recreo, la basilica catedral, built at the end of the xvii Century and the CHURCHES OF LA COMPAÑIA and SANTO DOMINGO.

The visits ends in the cassinelli museum, where archaeological pieces of regional cultures are exhibited.

HUACA RUINS OF THE SUN AND THE MOON

Length of Excursion: 2:30 Hours

The moche or mochica pre-Inca culture deserves a special interest. It has left us an impressive architectonic monument: the huaca del sol (Sun Huaca), in the surroundings of the present city of Trujillo.

This northern Peruvian culture flourished in the first centuries of this era (100 - 800 A.D.). It developed a decorated pottery with figures of human and animal expressions of great artistic and documentary value. The vast pyramidal temples of Moche, allow us to infer a theocratic order with local shrines run by priests. A hiararchical order is clear by the difference in clothes worn by the lords and the servants. The Huaca del Sol is the biggest pyramid in the pre-Inca period. It is calculated that 140 million adobe-bricks were employed for the construcion of this platform - temple. The study made of the construction methods and the adobe bricks indicate that the job was done by groups of different regions. Each group has left distinct signs on the bricks. It is built on a platform 228 m. long by 136 m. wide. Originally it was 48 m high. The ascent is along a ramp 90 m. long by 6 m. wide. The pyramid consisted of 5 superimposed platforms situated in the northern part of the monument.

La huaca de la luna (Moon Huaca) is 500 metres from the Sun Huaca and is smaller. It has a 80 by 60 metre base and a height of 21 metres. Interior chambers with multicoured wall paintings have been found.

HUACAS DEL SOL Y DE LA LUNA AND PERUVIAN STEPping HORSES

Length of excursion: 3:30 hours

After the visit to the Huacas of the Sun and the Moon one proceeds to la merced hacienda (Estates) where the famous Peruvian stepping horses are trained. You may have the chance to ride a horse.

HUACA EL BRUJO

Lenght of excursion: 4:30 hours

The archaeological complex of el brujo (The Wizard) is located 61 km. north of Trujillo, on the water front and close to the village of Magdalena de Cao. These ruins of Mochica origin cover an area of 6 hectares within which there is evidence of previous occupations 6,000 years ago in huaca prieta. The importance it has acquired nowadays is due to the recent discovery of a great adobe pyramid 30 metres high and more than 15 centuries of existence. On its walls the Mochicas displayed captivating images in high relief, , (200 - 750 A.D.) such as fish, prisoners, ceremonies and wars. This project is financed by the Wiese Foundation.

CHIMBOTE PORT, RUINS OF PAÑAMARCA AND SECHIN

Length of the excursion: 8 hours

The port of chimbote is at the crossroads to the ruins of Pañamarca and Sechín. It is also the seat of great fishing enterprises dedicated to the production of fishmeal and oils, of which Perú is first producer worldwide.

In the valley of Nepeña, between Chimbote and Casma there is a series of ruins which in spite of not being spectacular, are of important historical interest. Amongst these stands out the pañamarca ruins. This urban-ceremonial centre, belong to the flourishing of the moche culture, south of this territory. It is distinguished by a great pyramid built on a rocky promontory surrounded by walls covered in polychrome drawings, one of which depicts a sacrificial ritual.

The ruins of sechin are situated in the valley of Casma. They are about 3,500 years old and are notable for its distinct architecture . The main building is a relatively short pyramid. The front walls consist of vertical slabs, engraved in low relief with characters in profile who seem to be marching into the temple. There are also tall characters of 60 centimetres to 4 metres, dressed as soldiers or priests, as well as mutilated people, remains of legs, arms, eyes and innards and a spectacular quantity of decapitated heads.

THE LORD OF SIPAN AND THE BRUNING MUSEUM

Length of excursion: 7 hours

To carry out this visit you need to travel 200 km. (400 km round-trip) along a perfectly paved highway which separates Trujillo from Chiclayo. The details of this excursion are described under the section corresponding to Chiclayo.

TOURIST CALENDAR

4th week festivity and marinera contest (typical Peruvian dance): Trujillo

5-15 ocean festivity: Huanchaco

25 September to 5th October: Spring Festival: Trujillo

Altitude: 2,720 metres above sea level

Population: 99,634 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: it derives from "qassa" or "freeze" (metereological phenomenon whereby the temperatures drop below freezing pint, frostbiting plants) and "marca" meaning town: therefore the meaning is "town where the freezings are frequent and strong.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Cajamarca is the capital of the department and the most important city in the northern highlands of Perú. It is an hour and a half from Lima by plane and 5 hours by road from Trujillo or Chiclayo. The region had an important historical past as the seat of the caxamarca culture, which flourished between the years 500 and 1,000 of our era. During the Inca period it was part of the Tahuantinsuyo and had a notable importance as it linked Cusco with Quito. This city also has a marked Spanish influence as it was founded in 1532 by Francisco Pizarro. It is sadly remembered in Peruvian history since it was here when in 1533 Inca Atahuallpa was taken prisoner and after filling the cuarto del rescate (Rescue room) to pay for his freedom once with gold and twice with silver up to the level of his extended arm, he was betrayed and executed by the Spaniards. This is the place where the final destruction of the Inca Empire began.

The region is famous for its cheeses and dairy products. Is is primarily agricultural and on its vast meadows graze great quantity of cattle.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND THE HILL OF SANTA APOLONIA

Length of excursion: 3 hours

In the plaza de armas or Main Square you may visit the cathedral, inaugurated in 1776. Its facade is finely carved in volcanic lava and the main altar covered in gold leaf. Opposite the Cathedral, stands the Church of san francisco, one of the oldest Catholic churches in Perú. It is built in Barroque and Plateresque styles and houses remarkable paintings of the Cajamarca school. In the Puga Street, 50 metres from the main square is the cuarto del rescate, the sole Inca building standing in the area. It is also worth visitting the belen complex, a temple built wholy of carved stone, presently occupied by the National Institute of Culture (INC).

The visit concludes on the Hill of santa apolonia or silla del inca (Inca’s chair). There you may go up a flight of stairs to enjoy an excellent view of the valley and the city.

NECROPOLIS OF OTUSCO

Length of excursion: 2 hours

The towns and pre-Inca villages in Cajamarca were never built in the bottom of the valley, natural places of transit, but on the summits of rocky montains in defensive positions, very often in the highest and most hidden areas of the puna. Studies undergone by the archaeologists in this area lead us to state that architecture was little developed. There was a considerable variety of tombs which can be classified into two groups: those built on the ground or "ventanillas" (small windows) and those built underground. 0.5 km. from the city are the ventanillas de otuzco, (from "oto" to be motheaten and "usca" or "lurgo" that which has been motheaten), niches with circular or rectangular openings, carved on the same rocky walls in superimposed horizontal lines. The majority of the tombs are simple and can not have sheltered more than one corpse. Others are multiple niches. The individual ones in some cases have a depth of 8 metres.

CUMBE MAYO RUINS

Lenght of the excursion: 2 hours

The archaeological complex of Cumbe Mayo is situated 23 km. southeast of Cajamarca, at an altitude of 3,700 m.a.s.l. at the foot of the Majona Range. The dirt road is in bad condition and in the rainy season it is difficult to travel. In 1937 Julio C. Tello during his " fourth archaeological expedition to the Marañon", discovered the cumbe mayo aqueduct", which dates back to the Chavin period. There are 4 sectors or monumental groups: an aqueduct, a sanctuary, various petroglYphs and the ventanillas cemetery.

The aqueduct is an outstanding masterpiece of hydraulic engineering, open in rock over a kilometre long. The Sanctuary is a great monolith carved in the style of Quenqo in Cusco. The rock has been cut at right angles, leaving spaces for steps, seats and altars. The whole complex is awesome. The petroglyphs are very well preserved, and figures representing birds, sacred animals and other symbols of an apparently writing can still be seen. As for the Ventanillas, it is a cemetery formed by tombs perforated in the rock slightly above the aqueduct.

The caxamarca culture appeared in the northern Andes in the 2nd century B.C. disappearing around 800 A.D.

COMBAYO NECROPOLIS

Length of excursion: 4 hours

The combayo necropolis is 25 km. from Cajamarca and reached by a dirt road in bad condition. It is similar to that of Otusco, also of pre-Inca origins, but with a greater number of niches. All the tombs have been dug into the rock, some 10 metres deep and protected by special canals. This excursion also offers the opportunity to enjoy a wonderful scenery and small Andean villages.

KUNTURWASI RUINS

Length of excursion: 12 hours

4 hours from Cajamarca, travelling part of the highway to Trujillo or Chiclayo in the village of Chilete there will be a detour road track to reach the village of San Pablo (2,365 m.a.s.l.). The ruins of Kunturwasi are spread over in "La Collpa" mountain, 2 km. southeast of this village. They were first visited and studied by Julio C. Tello. The name of Kunturwasi, judging by the statues found there, relates to the condor, and leads us to believe that the place was dedicated to the cult of this god. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that nearby there is a rocky abyss whose sides are full of condor nests. On the summit of the mountain, there is a 12 metre high temple consisting of 3 superimposed platforms. The top platform shelters the sacred shrine, now very much deteriorated. These are notable examples of lithic art and classic Chavin pottery. Elongated statues are buried in the ground up to their waist, and slabs have been engraved in low relief representing heads of important gods, the condor amongst them.

Clients need to know that this is an excursion of considerable difficulty owing to its length and the ascent to the mountain.

TOURIST CALENDAR

Carnivals - Last week -: Cajamarca

31 festval of the Cruz de Porcón: Porcón

Tourist week of Cajamarca - Movable date -: Cajamarca

Altitude: 29 metres above sea level

Population: 419,468 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: it derives from the Quechua term "chiclayoj" meaning one "who has one testicle"

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Chiclayo is the capital of the department of Lambayeque, territory which occupies an area of 16,581 km². It is situated on the coast 770 km. north of Lima. It is the commercial axis of the north thank to its stragegic location. It is an agricultural region, crisscrossed by rivers of Andean rainfall (from December to March). In its peripheral areas there are typical villages such as monsefu, ferreñafe, tucume, illimo, motupe among others, all of them with an old handicraft tradition. Zaña is situated 51 km. southeast of Chiclayo. It was a former colonial villa of great opulence, of which only its ruins remain.

The coast offers lovely beaches such as santa rosa, puerto eten and pimentel of notable and historical importance. This territory was successively occupied by great cultures like the ones of lambayeque, vicus, mochica and chimu, who left ceramics and metalcraft which still astound the world.

The legend goes that this ancient pre-Chimu culture arrived at the shores of Lambayeque by sea conducted by the mythological hero ñaylamp.

CITY OF LAMBAYEQUE AND BRUNING MUSEUM

Monday to Friday from 8:30 to 18:30

Saturday, Sundays and Holidays from 9:00 to 18:00

Length of excursion: 2:30 hours

Lambayeque is situated only 12 km. away from Chiclayo. It is a beautiful colonial city founded in 1553, known for its famous "casonas" (mansions), chapels and colonial churches.

It is the seat of the bruning museum, directed dy Dr. Walter Alva, famous for being the discoverer of the Tomb of the Lord of Sipán. Its showcases contain an invaluable collection of archaeological objects of all the regional cultures and in particular the original pieces found in the well known tomb of Huaca Rajada.

TOMB OF THE SEÑOR DE SIPAN (LORD OF SIPAN)

Length of excursion: 3 hours

The archaeological complex of huaca rajada, is 35 km. from Chiclayo, in the valley of Lambayeque and occupies more than 200 hectares. It consist of many pyramids built with adobe bricks. In 1987 the Peruvian archaeologist Walter Alva discovered a tomb with a rich truosseau belonging to an élite character of the moche culture (550 A.D.). Part of this complex is the tomb of the lord of sipan, probably the most valuable ever to have been discovered in Perú. It contains the remains of a high dignatary surrounded by 9 courtiers, concubines and a dog. The archaeological findings include over 1,200 ceramic pieces, fine objects of gold, silver, copper and precious stones, a great necklace, a pectoral, and other objects. A small museum has been built on

the site where the tomb is reproduced and where some pieces found during the excavations are exhibited.

RUINS OF TUCUME

Length of excursion: 3 hours

Along the old Panamericana highway, 33 km from Chiclayo, one arrives at the archaeological complex of Tucume (Its old name was Tucmi, deriving from "tukum" or owl. Therefore the meaning is "place where owls gather"). It consists of 26 adobe pyramids, is an area of 220 hectares and belongs to the Lambayeque Culture (800 to 1,300 A.D.). It was the centre of the religious and political power of the region. Its origins date back to the arrival of the legendary Ñaylamp who arrived from the sea with his fleet of rafts bringing art and technology to this region. The legendary Thor Heyerdahl has lived in this area for many years and dedicated a lifetime to studying this pyramidal complex. There is a small museum which exhibits pieces extracted from the excavations.

RUINS OF SICAN AND PAMPA GRANDE

Length of the excursion: 4 hours

After passing the control of the "National Archaeological Reserve of Poma" in Batán Grande and across a thick algarrobo wood you arrive at huaca del loro on the banks of the La Leche River. Here there is an adobe pyramid, now under study by a Japanese mission, which contains the tomb of the lord of sican, an important personality in the region, buried with his servants so that they could attend him in the afterlife. The funerary chamber was literally covered with masks, pectorals, earrings and necklaces of gold and precious stones. The Sicán culture, which in Mochica language means "House of the Moon" flourished in this coastal region around 700 to 750 A.D., inheriting cultural aspects from the Huari and Mochicas.

From Sicán we continue to pampa grande, urban centre of great importance for its area size and complexity. This city, with great rectangular and trapezoidal enclosures reflect the development of the Moche culture. Between enclosures surrounded by a defensive wall, emerge two pyramids where religious and administrative functions took place. It is believed that the place was densely populated and that a vast number of its inhabitants were dedicated to the production of textiles, ceramics and metallurgy.

RUINS OF PACATNAMU

Length of excursion: 4:30 hours

The ruins of pacatnamu are located south of Chiclayo in the valley of Pacasmayo. This sanctuary citadel was constructed and occupied by the Chimú culture on a strategic plateau overlooking the ocean, close to the Jequetepeque river estuary. Unfortunately the nearness to the ocean and the passage of time have deteriorated its structures and now it is only possibile to see the remains of pyramids, terraces and chambers all built in adobe bricks. This visit can be done during the private journey from Trujillo to Chiclayo or viceversa.

TOURIST CALENDAR

28 festival of the Virgin of the Miracle Child: Port of Eten

5 pilgrimage to the Cross of Chalpón: Motupe

19 holiday of Saint Joseph: Santa Rosa Resort

25 festival of the Lord of Justice: Ferreñafe

29 holiday: St. Paul and St. Peter: Mocupe and Túcume

16 Virgin of Carmen: Pimentel and Túcume

30 holiday: St. Rose: Santa Rosa resort

25 festival of Virgin of the Mercedes: Lambayeque

25 Lord of Justice: Ferreñafe

5 festival of San Martín de Porres: Chongoyape

8 tourist week: Chiclayo

Height: 2,335 metres above sea level

Population: 15,785 inhabitants (1993 Census). Rate of population increase: 2.4%

Meaning in native language: a word of mixed language from the Colla dialect "chacha" meaning man, and from tue Quechua "puyu" meaning cloud. Therefore its meaning is cloud of men or town with many inhabitants.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

CHACHAPOYAS, capital of the department of Amazonas was founded on September 5th, 1538 by the Spanish conquistador Alonso de Alvarado. It is the sixth oldest city in Perú after Piura, Cusco, Jauja, Lima and Trujillo. Its architectural style has evolved over the past 25 years. The Andean style has been influenced by elements from the coast but its old colonial houses of great courtyards, ample rooms and tiled roofs still remain. The Main Plaza is a square of 100 metre per side. Around it we find the new Cathedral, the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace. The outskirts are very attractive and each site has a legend. For example, LUYAURCO is known for the legendary well of Yanayacu. It is said that the waters of the fountain of CUYANA on the foot of the Luyaurco hill, have the magic power to retain the foreigner who drinks from them and the CERRO DE LEGON, is a place where a famous battle against the Spaniards took place.

The region was inhabited by the Chachapoyas culture who settled in this northeastern region of Perú. The archaeological testimony of these people is reflected in its strategic cities and defensive building sites such as KUELAP. This fortress situated on a mountain top, has 20 metre-high walls. Its only access is through a narrow, long corridor which made it almost impenetrable. The back overlooks a deep precipice, impossible to climb. Inside the citadel the weather is mild and has semitropical vegetation which contrast with the ruggedness of the surroundings. The buildings are made of stone and have different forms according to their use. It takes 4 hour trek along a path on the banks of the Uctubamba river to reach Kuelap.

The typical Chachapoyas tombs have been known to the world for many years. Built of mud, they resemple swallows nests and as such are placed solidly on the rocks. From this original form new statues-sarcophagi were developed painted with geometrical figures on the outside. Six of these were found by the archaeologist Federico Kauffman Doig in a place called REVASTI. They were still intact with a mummy inside each one.

Another interesting site is the town of LA JALCA (2,891 m.a.s.l.) whose origins go back to pre-Inca times. Its main attractions are the traditional houses with their straws roofs, the colonial church, probably the oldest in the area, and the beautiful surrounding scenery. Near the town are the ruins of OLLAPE, an ancient Chachapoyas settlement which consists of more than 120 circular stone structures with adorned friezes.

TOURIST CALENDAR

13 festivity in Conila: typical dances

24 folklore festivity in La Jalca

29 festival of St. Peter in La Jalca with the ritual dance of the bear hunt

22 festival of Magdalena (Magdalene) with procession and folk dances

1-15 festival of the Virgin of Asunta in Chachapoyas

5 anniversary of the Spanish foundation of Chachapoyas

Altitude: 106 metres avove sea level

Population: 266,175 inhabitants (1993 Census)

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Iquitos is connected to other cities only by river or by air.

Iquitos is the capital of the department of Loreto, the largest in Perú occuping 348,177 km.². It is scarcely populated and all its territory is covered by tropical rainforests and crisscrossed by many rivers. The climate is warm and humid and has an annual average temperature of 25.9 degrees centigrades.

It was founded in 1757 with the name of San Pablo de los Napeanos and still preserves its sophisticated buildings which date back to its era of splendour when rubber extraction took place. The Tarapacá promenade is a beautiful balcony overlooking the Amazon river, now pretty distant after having changed its course. It is worth visiting the floating district of Belén.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Length of excursion: 2 hours

As with all cities in the Amazon region, Iquitos has no proper personality. The visit includes the cathedral, the casa de hierro (Iron House) on the Main Square and built by the famous French engineer Eiffel, the ex-hotel palace, built in 1908 and now military headquarters, the plaza 28 de julio, the casa pisaco, the malecon tarapaca, with an interesting view of the Amazon, the market with typical Amazon fruits and vegetables, the floating DISTRICT of belen, with houses built upon stakes to withstand the river tides, and the municipal museUm.

quistococha lake

Length of excursion: 2:30 hours

The tourist complex at quistococha lake, is reached by a paved road and is situated 14 km. south of Iquitos. Besides being a fish hatchery for paiche, a large Amazon fish, it offers the visitor a diversity of regional wildlife such as the otorongo (Amazon jaguar), the ocelote or small tiger, the sachavaca an animal similar to a tapir, and a great variety of monkeys and different species of reptiles.

AMAZONAS SINCHICUY LODGE

Distance from Iquitos: 30 Km

This is a tourist lodge on the banks of the Sinchicuy River (afluent of the Amazon) with 32 double or triple cabins, joined to the main building by a corridor. They are all built of palm-thatched wood. It is surrounded by exhuberant tropical forest with an abundance of flowers, birds and butterflies. Nearby there are orchid nurseries which are worth visiting. The meals are based on native products and served buffet style. As with all Amazon lodges it DOES not have electricity so it is lit at night by kerosene lamps.

The two day and one night package includes a brief visit to the city, transport to the port and a ride on a Pacamari (small roofed motorboat) to the lodge where the rustic cabins are. After lunch there will be a visit to a community of Yaguas Indians, to observe their customs and way of life.

The guide is a native expert and will accompany the visitors along leafy paths to explain the healing and magic properties of the Amazon vegetation.

The return to Iquitos airport will take place on the morning of the second day, in order to board the plane to Lima.

The second day of the three day and two night package includes, besides the activities already mentioned, waking up before dawn in order to start a canoe excursion and in the silence of the jungle observe the fauna of the place. After breakfast we will sail along the Sinchicuy river on a motorboat to see fish in the river. Before lunch there will a visit to the orchid nursery. The afternoon will be dedicated to sailing the Amazon to see first hand the farming, dwellings and customs of the natives.

The return to Lima is on the third day.

For those who would like to experience the emotions of the Amazon rainforest and to be in close contact with the vegetation and wildlife there are four and five day programmes with two or three nights at the tambo yanayacu lodge (60 Km. from Iquitos and 4 hours by boat) which is similar to the Sinchicuy Amazon Lodge.

TOURIST CALENDAR

4th week - Carnivals: Iquitos

24 festival of San Juan: Iquitos

Altitude: 154 metres above sea level

Population: 171,007 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: derives from "puca" meaning red and "allpa" meaning earth: therefore it means: red earth.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

After a brief flight from Lima over the Andes we land in Pucallpa on the banks of the Ucayali River, one of the main Amazon tributaries. This is the most important city of the lower rainforest connected with Lima by road. After a short visit to the city we head to puerto callao on the shores of the yarinacocha lake to board a "peque peque" motorboat known as such for the peculiar sound of their engines, to arrive at the LA cabaña lodge on the other side of the lake. As in all jungle lodges the rooms are cabins built of native materials and have a private bathroom.

The two day and one night programme provides a visit to the shipibos Indian village of San Francisco to appreciate their skill in the production of handicraft textiles and pottery.

The three day and two night programme is complemented by an ecological visit to the botanical garden of Chullachanqui o lobocaño. There will also be nightly excursions to see, with powerful flashlights, the caimans on the lake shores.

Altitude: 3,249 metres above sea level

Population: 256,666 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: Huancayo derives from "huanca": big stone and "yoc" denoting "belonging". Therefore: people who possess a big stone.

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Huancayo, capital of the department of Junín, is 298 Km from Lima and is easily reached via the Central highway, the most important inland paved road. It is the main city in the Mantaro valley and is the commercial axis between Lima, Andean and Rainforest villages of the Central Perú. Its main activities are agriculture and cattle farming. From Lima after a two hour journey one arrives at the pass of Anticona or ticlio at 4,840 m.a.s.l. La Galera at 4,781 metres is the highest commercial train station in the world. Huancayo was founded by the Spaniards in the 18th century.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND HANDICRAFT MARKETS

Length of excursion: 4 hours

It is an interesting visit to the old and modern districts. It is worth visiting the handicraft market to buy original objects. The excursion finishes in the cerrito de la libertad which has an attractive view of the city and the Mantaro valley.

SUNDAY INDIAN MARKET

Lenght of excursion: 4 hours

Huancayo is famous for its Sunday Indian Market where peasants and merchants offer their farm produce and handicrafts. This market occupies the parallel street to the Av. Real (Huancayo’s main avenue) and takes place only in the morning.

COLONIAL SANTA ROSA DE OCOPA CONVENT

Length of excursion: 3 hours

In santa rosa de ocopa (3,376 m.a.s.l.) 33 km. from Huancayo, there is a lovely convent founded by Franciscan friars in 1725. You will find the four cloisters of impressive colonial architecture, the catacombs, the library, the collection of religious art, the dissected animals from the lower jungle and the objects from the Ashaninkas Indians.

It was the seat and starting point of the friars who set off to convert the Indians in the nearby jungle.

OCOPA CONVENT AND INGENIO VALLEY

Length of excursion: 4 hours

After visiting the Convent of Santa Rosa de Ocopa, you continue along an attractive valley to el ingenio (3,460 m.a.s.l.) the most important trout hatchery in Perú. The resident guides will explain the breeding, development and commercialization of this delicious fish.

VILLAGE OF HUALHAS

Length of excursion: 3 hours

Along the right bank of the Mantaro river, close to Huancayo and the railway is the village of Hualhuas (3,289 m.a.s.l.) known for its merino and alpaca woollen textiles.

WARIVILCA RUINS

Length of excursion: 3 hours

The region was occupied by the huanca culture, a warlike ethnia who were not totally submitted to the Inca conquerors. Only 6 km. from Huancayo is the warivilca sanctuary (from "uari" which in aymara means native, primitive and "willca": sacred. Therefore the meaning would be the "sacred temple of the Creator". This pre-inca temple was built in a hollow with a fountain in its interior and two metre thick walls. There is a small local museum which exhibits archaeological remains found in the place.

TUNANMARCA RUINS

Length of excursion: 12 hours

This is a tough excursion for the Tunanmarca ruins are situated on the summit of a mountain at almost 4,000 m.a.s.l. (tunán derives from summit and "marca" means "village". Therefore village on the mountain top). This enormous archaeological complex is 54 km. from Huancayo, and was the most important human settlement of the huanca culture. One reaches it by a road up to Jauja and then along a track to Acolla and Conchos (3,467 m.a.s.l.) where horses and beasts of burden will be needed to reach the summit. There are over 3,000 chullpas (circular tombs) built with flagstones in perfect state of preservation and there are also two stone buildings which were supposed to belong to the curacas (local governors) and their court. The return to Conchos is in the afternoon and then to Huancayo in the evening.

CITY OF JAUJA AND PACA LAKE

Length of excursion: 5 hours

The city of jauja (3,390 m.a.s.l.) means, tranquil, peaceful. The Chinchaysuyos knew it as "sausa" which means "valley" apparently for its width and beauty. The Spaniards named it "Hauxa" and it was the first capital of the Viceroyalty. It is 38 km. from Huancayo and was founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1553. To arrive at this beautiful Andean city one must travel along the Mantaro valley from south to north through attractive Andean scenery. Before returning to Huancayo there will be a visit to the paca lake (3,390 m.a.s.l.) to sail and fish for trout.

TOURIST CALENDAR

20 festivity of Jalapato: Jauja

4th week: Carnivals: the whole valley

Easter week: movable date: the whole valley

2 festival of the Cross: Huancayo

festival of St. James (Santiago) : Huancayo

8 festival of Sapallanga: Huancayo

9 to 16 tourist week: Huancayo

Altitude: 2,746 metres above sea level

Population: 114,809 inhabitants (1993 Census)

Meaning in native language: it derives from "aya" which means "corpse" and "cucho": corner: Therefore "corner of the dead".

Average Annual TEMPERATURE

DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Ayacucho, capital of the department of Ayacucho, is situated in the Central Andes, half an hour from Lima by plane. It is also connected to the capital by the Libertadores highway, in good condition. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1539 with the name of San Juan de la Frontera de Huamanga, to be known as Ayacucho only in 1824, with the independence of Perú. It enjoyed great prosperity during the viceroyalty as a mining centre and as the nexus between Cusco and Lima. It was the seat of the Huari culture, first Andean empire which had notable influence over other cultures and regions. For more than a decade it had to withstand the horrors of terrorism, now almost inexistent. It is worth noting the contribution of many distinguished local personalities towards the independence of Perú.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Length of excursion: 3 hours

Ayacucho is one the few cities in Perú which still preserves almost intact mansion and colonial churches. Upon visiting it one has the feeling that time has come to a standstill since colonial times. It has 33 churches each with a different architectural style and with invaluable treasures in their interior. The visit includes the cathedral in the Armas Square, the university of huamanga, founded in 1677, the prefectura, the mansions of olano, jauregui and vivanco, the churches of santo domingo, san criStobal, santa teresa, the archaeological museum and the mirador.