AREA AND GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION

Perú is situated between the Pacific Ocean and the western edges of the Amazon basin. It borders with Ecuador and Colombia to the North, Brazil and Bolivia to the East and Chile to the South. It has an area of 1’285,215 km² and it is the third largest country in South America after Brazil and Argentina. It has a varied topography and offers many micro- regions, three of which are well defined and distinct: the COSTA, which has a longitude of a little over 2,520 km. It is an arid and desert area bathed by the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. The SIERRA (highlands) or the Andes Mountain Range has a width of 200 km and is crowned with more than 50 snow peaks which may reach over the 6,000 m.a.s.l. They cover an area which stretches from Venezuela down to "Tierra del Fuego" in Chile. Finally, the SELVA, an enormous "green ocean" of the Amazon Rainforest. Of the 110 climates and micro climates existing in the world, we find 89 in Perú, one reason why it is considered one of the most diverse and outstanding in the ecological world. The presence of pre-hispanic cultures who occupied this territory 15,000 years ago, make it also the historical symbol of South America.

POPULATION

The last Census in 1993 showed a population of 22’048,356 inhabitants, a third of whom live in the capital. The second largest city is Arequipa with 620, 471 inhabitants and Trujillo with 508, 716 is the third. Half the population are American Indians, and the rest mestizos, creolles, blacks and mulatos. The Japanese and Chinese colonies are also numerous. However, these figures do not include the native communities of the Amazon Jungle, since it is impossible to conduct a census in such an impenetrable region. The population density at the national level is of 17.15 inhabitants per km².

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Perú is a social and democratic republic, with a single, representative and centralized government. The recent constitution of 1980 conceeds the administration of the country to three powers: The EXECUTIVE represented by the President, elected by direct balloting, absolute mayority and for a period of 5 years. The LEGISLATIVE, made up of a single Parliament of 120 representatives and finally the JUDICIAL made up of courts which administer justice in different instances.

CLIMATE

It is of vital importance when preparating for a trip to know the climate of the country, to choose either the right clothing or the best time of the year to travel.

Perú is situated on a tropical latitude (south of the Equator and north of the Tropic of Capricorn) but its climate is varied due to both natural causes and the topography of the territory with its peaks of over 6,000 m.

In the COAST (Tumbes, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Lima, Paracas and Nazca) the weather is cool and damp and seldom rains. It has an annual average rainfall of 48mm which explains the aridity of the region. The lack of rainfall is due, firstly to the faint evaporization of the ocean waters, caused by the Humboldt current, an extremely cold current of 13º C, which runs parallel to the coast from south to north. On the other hand the high peaks of the Andes Range prevent the clouds from passing from the east to the west. The temperatures do not vary dramatically. The coldest month is August with an average of 16.1 º C and the hottest is February with 23.5º C.

In the SIERRA (Cajamarca, Huaraz, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Puno, and Arequipa) the climate varies from warm and pleasant during the sunny day (15º C) to moderate cool dawns (5º C) and permanent freeze in the mountain top during the summer. From December to March there is abundant and thick rainfall, generating landslides which interrupt important inland roads. Bad weather can hinder operations in some airports with consequent cancellation of flights.

The SELVA or Amazon plains (Iquitos, Parque Pacaya-Samiria, Pucallpa, Puerto Maldonado and Parque Nacional del Manu) has a warm and humid climate. The temperature if the dry period is prolonged can reach 40º C. Rainfall, as in the Andes, is abundant from December to March.

THE REGIONS

As we have already mentioned Perú has three well defined regions : the Coast, the Highlands and the Rainforest.

The COSTA is a narrow strip which runs parallel to the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Moutains. At some points it is non-existent, since the mountains reach the seashore and even penetrate it, while at other points it has a width of as much as 80 km. It has a longitude of 2,520 km (between the borders of Ecuador and Chile). It is arid in its totality and is criss-crossed by fertile valleys, irrigated by rivers which flow from the mountains. Water is constant in some river basins, while in others it is limited to the wet seasons. This region, where Lima, the capital, is situated is the centre of industrial, commercial and agricultural activities of the country. Perú is one of the foremost world producers of fishmeal and it stands amongst the first four silver and copper producers.

The SIERRA, which separates the coast from the Amazon rainforest is a wall that at some points reaches almost 7,000 metres above sea level. This Range consists of three ranges: The Occidental, the Central and the Oriental which separate and join whimsically in certain knots. The varied topography of these regions gives way to a notable variety of micro climates each of which has particular characteristics, fauna and flora. The most important copper and silver mines are found in this area. The Cordillera Blanca, to the North east of Lima (White Range), is of a superb beauty. It is a snow-peaked range of 120 km. , considered the most beautiful and important tropical mountain range in the world. The highest snow summits, appreciated by the most renowned mountain climbers are the Huascarán (6,768 m), the Yerupajá  (6,617 m), the Coropuna (6,425 m) and many others.

The SELVA or Amazon region stretches between the eastern slopes of the Andes, at almost 4,000 m. of altitude, and the enormous tropical forest plains which ends at the Atlantic Ocean. In this vast territory, which represents 62% of the total area of the country there exists a notable diversity of ecosystems and an enormous variety of animal and plant species. There are now many protected areas, some open to a limited numbers of visitors, such as The Parque Nacional de Manu, The Reserva Natural de Tambopata and The Reserva de Pacaya Samiria among others. 90% of the existing waters in the country are lost in these slopes and flow into the Atlantic Ocean. This region has notable hydrocarbon reserves and an incalculable wealth of fine woods.

HISTORY

Perú has the greatest historical tradition in South America. The first inhabitants, who were nomad hunters, made their way to the present Peruvian territory approximately 15,000 years before Christ. After periods of evolution they become sedentary, and in this way domesticated animals and plants, worked metals and built great temples and palaces.

The most outstanding cultures were Chavín and Chachapoyas in the Northeastern Highlands, the Vicus, Mochica and Chimú on the Northern Coast, were excellent potters and silversmiths. The Huancas on the central Highlands, were a warrior race not fully conquered by the Incas. The Paracas and Nazca are still world known for the refinement of their textiles, the beauty and polychromy of their pottery and their enegmatic lines and figures of the Pampa of Jumana (Pampas de Nazca). In the southern highlands it is worth mentioning the Huari culture, the first Andean kingdom and the Tiahuanaco culture, of whom the Incas apparently inherited their fine architecture.

The Incas were the last native Peruvian Culture; those who conquered all preceding cultures with their weapons, taking with them the best architects and artisans to the capital of their empire. Their flourishing did not last more than a few centuries: a period of time no longer than the lifetime of 12 people: the 12 Incas who created and led the Empire.

In 1525 when Inca Huayna Capac dies his heirs Huascar and Atahualpa initiated a civil war to conquer power. In 1531 after a few years of internal strife, Francisco Pizarro, with his brother and other adventurers, made their way through Tumbes into the Territory of the Tahuantinsuyo (native name of the Empire: Tahua = four / Suyo= regions) and they found the ideal conditions to conquer Atahuallpa and colonize this vast territory.

In 1542 the first Spanish Viceroy assumed power in the early Colonial period which is remembered for its continual internal disputes. In 1870 the first rebellion against the Spaniards took place and it is Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (known as Tupac Amaru) the forerunner of this movement.

Finally in 1821 the Argentinian General José de San Martín declares the independence of the country consolidating it in the Battles of Junin and Ayacucho in 1824. It is in this year that present the Republican Period begins.

RELIGION

The Constitution of the country allows for complete freedom of religion. The official religion is Catholic and it is practiced by 75% of the population. The remaining 25% practices other religions or belongs to one of various sects.

The Andean Man still conserves the mysticism of his ancestors and practises millenary rituals inherited throughout many generations. The religious ceremonies imposed by the Spaniards often take on pagan forms and one can observe the mixture of Andean an Catholic rites in its manifestations.

CURRENCY

The present currency is the Nuevo Sol and has had a stable dollar exchange for many months. Now, in the month of July one dollar is worth 2.65 Nuevos Soles. Tourists must be very careful with counterfeit banknotes (Nuevos Soles and dollars) so our staff will indicate where it is safe to exchange money. Travellers checks are accepted with certain restrictions. Almost all credit cards are accepted in main commercial estableshiments and hotels.

VACCINES

No vaccine is essential. However it is recommendable to get shots against yellow fever if you are planning an excursion into the Amazon Rainforest. This does not include stays in to tourist lodges.

Useful INFORMATION

The success of a trip much depends on the knowledge of climatic conditions of the country one wishes to visit. Perú can be visited throughout the year, with certain limitations during the summer (December - March) due to rainfall in the Highlands and the Amazon region. The main tourist, historical and ecological sites are found at over 3,000 metres above sea level (Cajamarca, Huaraz, Huancayo, Cuzco and Puno), therefore it is advisable to take Coramina Glucosa (Glucose) or Micoren, drugs which will help prevent altitude sickness or "soroche". The famous "mate de coca" which is served generously in hotels is a tea which amelliorates the effects of the altitude.

Once in the sites mentioned above, it is essential to rest for a while to reach a minimum of acclimatization. The air is very dry and rare and can cause chapped lips so it is recommended to take suitable creams. During the day the sun is very strong, so it is wise to take a cap or hat, easily purchased in the Indian markets, during excursions. Even though on certain occasions the cold is intense it is not recommendable to keep on the heater during the night to prevent dryness of throat or mucuses.

For rainforest trips it is essential to take an insect repellent. All these products can be purchased in local drugstores.

In the Coast (Tumbes, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Lima, Paracas and Nazca) during the summer months (December to March): light cotton dresses, shorts, T-shirts or short sleeve shirts; light jackets or sweaters for the evening. During the winter (April to November): light woollen clothing is worn.

In the Sierra (Cajamarca,Huaraz, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cusco and Arequipa) it rains frequently during the summer months (December to March) so it is advisable to wear light clothing and rain jackets. The difference between day and night temperature can be extreme in certain areas so it is advisable to take heavy woollen or alpaca clothes. At dawn thermometers can register below cero temperatures.

In the Rainforest (Iquitos, Chachapoyas, Pucallpa and Puerto Maldonado) where rainfall can be even more abundant than in the Highlands, except for isolated cases where polar winds may vary the temperature considerably, it is always hot and the weather is damp. It is recommendable to take two pairs of trainers or sneakers, light cottonwear, rain jackets, light long sleeve shirts and blue jeans for protection against insect bites.

Altitude: 154 metres above sea level

Population: 5'706,127 (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in the Native Language: The word comes from Limac, whose translation is "talker" in reference to the oracle which existed in what in all respects appears to be, what we now call "Huaca Juliana" or Ccollana Huaca "Excelsa" (oracle).

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Max Min Max Min Max Min

January 26.6 21.0 May 23.4 16.8 September 18.8 15.0

February 27.5 20.5 June 20.6 15.4 October 19.0 15.2

March 27.3 20.2 July 17.8 14.3 November 21.3 19.5

April 24.5 17.9 August 17.8 14.5 December 23.0 20.5

CHART OF DISTANCES TO OTHER CITIES

Abancay 907 Chiclayo 1,228 La Oroya 174 Pucallpa 789

Arequipa 1,010 Chimbote 770 Moquegua 1,146 P.Maldonado 1,631

Ayacucho 585 Huancavelica 445 Moyobamba 1,398 Puno 1,324

Cajamarca 860 Huancayo 298 Nasca 444 Tacna 1,239

Cusco 1,104 Huaraz 421 Paracas 250 Trujillo 562

Chachapoyas 1,228 Ica 303 Piura 1,039 Tumbes 1,318

LIMA is the capital of Perú, located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean and cut through by the Rimac River. It was founded on the 18th of January 1535 by Francisco Pizarro, with the name of "The City of the Kings" as it was the capital of the Spanish Empire in South America and the Viceroy’s residence. At the time of Pizarro's arrival the whole area was ruled by the cacique (ruler) Taulichusco. The proximity to the ocean enabled the Spanish galleons to anchor easily. The San Lorenzo Isle which quietened the waters, its central situation on the coast, the fertile valley which is surrounded it and its mild weather were some of the factors the Spanish took into consideration to make of Lima the Peruvian capital.

Lima was laid out as all Spanish cities in square blocks and a main square. Even though it has a mild climate, for the greatest part of the year the sky is covered by a dense layer of clouds which does not allow the sun to shine through. The temperature varies between 12º C and 20º C in winter and 19º C to 28º C in summer. Rainfall is almost non existent. This is due to the fact that the high Andes peaks prevent the clouds formed in the Eastern slopes of the mountains to cross over. Furthermore the cold waters of the Humboldt current, which runs parallel to the Coast from South to North, does not allow for evaporation. The first impression of the newcomer is of confusion: while on one hand Lima is presented as a rich and modern city, on the other, it hides the consequences of a mass migration of peoples coming from distant provinces.

VISIT TO THE CITY OF LIMA

Length of excursion :3:30 hours

When clients stay in the old city centre (Sheraton, Crillón, Riviera or Bolívar) the visit starts in the main square (Plaza de Armas), now called Plaza Mayor, being the centre of the city designed and built by Francisco Pizarro. Here one may visit the CATHEDRAL which was founded the same 18th of January and which in spite of the multiple transformations caused by the earthquakes of 1609 and 1746 still conserves its original monumentality. Forming part of the Plaza Mayor is also the old Palacio de los Virreyes (Viceroy's Palace) now occupied by the Palacio de Gobierno (Government Palace), also reconstructed 3 times after earthquakes and fires. There is also the Palacio Arzobispal (Archibishop's Palace) which together with the Cathedral display a Barroque Facade and finally the Palacio Municipal (Town Hall) decorated by beautiful colonial balconies, carved in wood.

From the Plaza Mayor we go to the Convent of San Francisco, the most beautiful architectural complex in the city. The construction was started in 1542. Here one can visit the Cloister, the Catacombs, and the Museum of Religious Art. However when there is a visit to Colonial Lima combined with a museum, the visit to San Francisco is replaced by a visit to Santo Domingo due to lack of time.

Beyond the Plaza San MartIn where the famous Gran Hotel Bolivar is located, into the Paseo de la RepUblica where you can see the Palace of Justice, the Plaza Grau dedicated to the memory of Miguel Grau, a hero from the Battle of the Pacific, along Avenida 28 de Julio and finally into Avenida Arequipa you may reach the residential suburbs of San Isidro and Miraflores. Here you will be able to visit El Olivar, El Parque del Amor and El Mirador of the Pacific Ocean. For the customers staying in Miraflores this visit will be done (inversely)

NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM

Plaza Bolivar - Pueblo Libre

Length of visit: 3 hours

Tuesday to Friday: 9:00 to 18:00

Saturdays and Sundays: 9:00 to 17:00

Situated on the Plaza Bolivar in the district of Pueblo Libre, it is the main museum in Perú, fOunded in 1945 by the archaeOlogist Julio C.Tello. Its show cases exhibit around 85,000 pieces which makes it the largest and most varied collection of pottery lithic pieces and textiles in the country. On the left of the main lobby there are scale models of the dwellings and working instruments of the first inhabitants of the regions of Paijan, Ancon, Toquepala, Junín and Ayacucho (22,000 - 10,000 B.C). At the far end of " Formative Peruvian " is the Raimondi Stele, a stone carved with Chavin motifs, discovered by the scholar during one of his many travels. In this room one may also find pre-ceramic objects found in KOTOSH, where it is worth noting the "Crossed Hands", made of baked mud found in a ceremonial chamber and of an antiquity of 1,800 B.C. Outstanding are also the PARACAS TEXTILES whose patterns and colours have remained unaltered for many centuries. Following this chronology one can appreciate the monoliths of the PUCARA culture; the room dedicated to the pottery of the NASCA culture; the room of the MOCHE culture whose pottery is an ethnographic document which speaks of their world. Finally after visiting the rooms dedicated to the TIAHUANACO, HUARI, RECUAY and CHIMU cultures we reach the last hall dedicated to the INCA culture.

It also contains findings of the pre-independence period and pieces of the colonial and the early Republican periods.

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Av. Javier Prado Este, 2465 - San Borja

Length of visit : 3 hours

Tuesday to Friday : From 09:00 to 18:00

Saturdays and Sundays : From 10:00 to 18:00

This museum has been recently inaugurated and contains a great collection of archaeological pieces which show the development of native cultures from the first dwellers up to the Inca Period (Incanato). It contains ceramics, lithicobjects, textiles, graphics, murals and photography. The scale models of the main ceremonial centres and ruins in the country are of special interest. It is of worth mentioning the room which contains the medical instruments used in diverse operations and also the one which exhibits clothing of many periods.

GOLD MUSEUM

Alonso de Molina 100 - Monterrico

Length of visit : 3 hours

Open daily from 11:30 to 19:00

"Worth a Perú" is a phrase still used in Spain, when referring to something of great value or special characteristics. The phrase goes back to the XVI century when the conquerors reached American lands and marvelled at the wealth of gold and silver found both in Mexico and Perú. These metal have been well known to Peruvian man as far back as the first settlements and archaeologists have found gold hammered in such thin sheets that they seem laminated paper. Then more of these sheets can be found, in greater quantity but less elaborated as part of funerary dowry in tombs in the region of Lambayeque. The precious metal is therefore not only associated to cult and ornamentation but as a symbol of social distinction. During the Inca Period, the nobility and priests used gold and silver while the army and ordinary people made copper and bronze objects.

The GOLD MUSEUM is the most important private collection and exhibits more than 15,000 objects and pieces of jewellery of pre-Columbian times, where the pieces in gold, silver and precious stones prevail.These have been put together by its owner Mr. Miguel Mujica Gallo, after many meticulous searches in distant places of the country. It is impressive to see in these great works of arts the ability to create true miniature jewels without yet knowing the processes of welding. On the first floor there is an important exhibition of weapons of all types, dress and uniforms of Incas, Spaniards and even some Oriental cultures.

RAFAEL LARCO HERRERA MUSEUM

Av. Bolivar, 1515 - Pueblo Libre

Length of visit : 3 hours

From Monday to Saturday from 09:00 to 18:00

Sundays from 09:00 to 13:00

It is the greatest collection of pre - Columbian ceramics in the country, with an emphasis on the Northern Cultures of Vicus, Mochica and Chimu. Amongst the 50,000 pieces there are clothes belonging to mummies, gold pieces and it is worth noting one important and unique room where erotic pottery is shown, representing the sexual customs of the ancient Peruvians.

PACHACAMAC RUINS

Carretera Panamericana Sur, Km. 30 - Lur¡n

Length of visit : 3:30 hours

From Monday to Sundays from 09:00 to 17:00

The ancient sanctuary of the God Pachacamac and a former religious city of pilgrimage, is located on the right bank of the Lurín River 30 km. south of Lima. The main monuments were built between the years 800 - 900 B.C., using small, pressed adobe bricks lain vertically, the same system used in other buildings around Lima. The religious city itself consisted of a complex of pyramids with common characteristics : a great explanade at the entrance, a central body whose access to the top was along a ramp and great storage chambers at the back. On the top most part of the main temple a chapel which housed a wooden idol with two carved characters, back to back, was located. This idol was worshipped and respected by the inhabitants of the coast and highlands and was considered an oracle.

ENRICO POLI MUSEUM

Lord Cochrane 466 - San Isidro

Length of Visit : 3 hours

In this museum there are ceramic pieces and unique jewellery which date back from the dawn of history in Perú to Colonial times. Mr. Enrico Poli personally will guide the tour and will instill his passion of a true collector, describing and narrating the history of each object.

BALLESTAS ISLANDS AND FLIGHT OVER THE NASCA PLAINS

Length of excursion : 12 hours

At dawn in a comfortable tourist car, you will set out en route to Paracas (250 km. south of Lima) approximately 3 hours by car, where you will embark on a light vessel which will take you to the Ballestas Islands in two hours. Return to the hotel dock and to Pisco airport to take an hour and fifty minute flight over the Pampa de Nasca (Nasca Plains). After lunch, return to Lima in a private car.

TOURIST CALENDAR

18 – Celebration of the Spanish foundation of Lima : Lima

Second fortnight – Peruvian Stepping Horse contest : Lima

Second fortnight – Lord ef the Miracles procession and Bullfighthing Fair : Lima

Altitude : 2,335 metres above sea level.

Population : 924,745 inhabitants (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in native language: the most probable version is that it derives from the words "ari" which means "yes" and "quepay" which means "delay": thus: yes, stop here.

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

DISTANCE CHART TO OTHER CITIES

Abancay 813 Chimbote 1,441 La Oroya 1,184 Pucallpa 1,784

Ayacucho 1,137 Huancavelica 1,068 Lima 1,010 P.Maldonado 1,051

Cajamarca 1,870 Huancayo 1,215 Moyobamba 2,399 Puno 314

Cusco 616 Huanuco 1,423 Nasca 566 Tacna 369

Chachapoyas 2,238 Huaraz 1,429 Paracas 760 Trujillo 1,572

Chiclayo 1,780 Ica 707 Piura 2,049 Tumbes 2,328

Arequipa is located in the south west of the country and covers an area of 63,500 km² which stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the permanently snow covered peaks of the Andes, more than 6,000 metres above sea level. A great part of its territory is arid, desert and it is crossed by very deep valleys such as the Colca and Cotahuasi Canyons, considered amongst the deepest in the world. The city possesses a lovely countryside and volcanoes such as the Misti 5,822 m.a.s.l., the Chanchani and the Picchu - Picchu at 5,664.

It is known as the White City since most of its colonial buildings have the light grey walls of a volcanic material called "sillar" extracted from the nearby quarries. It was founded in 1540 by a group of Spaniards commanded by Manuel de Carbajal. It still conserves the design of Spanish Colonial architecture.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND TO THE CONVENTO OF SANTA CATALINA (Convent of St. Catherine)

Length of excursion: 3hours

The visit to Arequipa starts in the districts of Yanahuara and Cayma from where you have a lovely panoramic view of the city, countryside and surrounding volcanoes. From this viewpoint you can climb down to the Chili River and after crossing an old bridge reach the historical centre of the city. Situated in the heart of the city we find the Convento de Santa Catalina (Convent of St. Catherine) founded in 1580. It occupies an area of 20,000 square metres. This colonial jewel, is made up of churches, cloisters, squares and other areas and the aspect of a colonial city of the XVI century has been preserved intact in time.

The excursion of the city is complemented with the visit to the Cathedral founded in 1656, the Casa del Moral, la Casa Ricketts and the churches of San Francisco and La Merced.

VISITS TO SURROUNDING AREAS AND THE COUNTRYSIDE

Length of excursion: 3 hours

We will vist the surrounding area of the city of Arequipa, which is crowned by the Misti, Chachani and Picchu Picchu volcanoes. It offers an attractive scenery such as the Chilina countryside, the Paucarpata which means "Extension of the Andes" because its slopes have been terraced for agriculture, the Molino de SabandIa, is a building where in past times they would grind the grain and is still fully preserved. In the district of Huasacache one may admire La Mansion del Fundador, a palace founded in the XVI century by the founder of the city Don Garc¡a de Carbajal. Finally there is the resort of Tingo, the Mirador (Viewpoint) of Sacacha, and to end the visit is the typical district of Vallecito.

VISIT TO THE COLONIAL districts AND YURA

Length of Excursion: 4 hours

This is an long visit which includes the visit to the district of SAN LAZARO, the hills and the observatory of SAN VICENTE DE YANAHUARA, the district of CAYMA the thermal resort of YURA, to end in a TYPICAL "PICANTERIA" (spicy food restaurant) where one can enjoy lunch based on regional food.

THE PETROGLYPHS OF TORO MUERTO

Length of Excursion: 8 hours

170 km North of Arequipa, in the province of Castilla, beyond the valleys of Uchumayo, V¡tor and Siguas, in the deep fertile VALLEY OF MAJES, we find the greatest and most important concentration of petroglyphs: TORO MUERTO (529m.a.s.l.). In a sandy gorge of approximately 2 km², next to the village of CORIRE exists a outcrop of volcanic stones on which the ancient inhabitants of the place engraved more than 3,000 zoomorphic antropomorphic and geometric figures with representations of llamas, pumas, condors and scenes of ritual dances and warriors. There are many doubts about their antiquity since the place has not yet been fully investigated. Before returning to Arequipa, you will be able to enjoy lunch in a rustic restaurant on the banks of the Majes River.

THE COLCA CANYON

Length of visit: one or two days

An excursion of 12 hours is offered for someone who does not have two days, ideal time to visit the Colca Canyon. However it is necessary to leave Arequipa at 4:00a.m. to reach the observatory of the Condores by 8:00. The trip is conducted along a dirt road which takes you to the Viewpoint of Cruz del condor ( 246 km from Arequipa at 3,225 m.a.s.l.). In Quechua it is called "chacla" because there they "chacllaba" the Earth: they made offerings to request its help and protection. In this place the valley has a depth of 1,050 metres. Before sun rise, you can see dozens of condors who, taking advantage of the "thermals" of the place soar from the depths and glide for many minutes without flapping their wings. You return to Arequipa after lunch.

As mentioned early it is ideal to make this visit in two days. In a journey of 205 km between Arequipa and the town of CHIVAY you can see many places of singular beauty such as: PAMPA DE CAÑAHUA (95 km. from Arequipa and at 3,800 m.a.s.l.) where the Vicuñas, Alpacas and Llamas abound; the VENTANA OF THE COLCA (143 km from Arequipa and 4,100 m.a.s.l); the typical villages of SIBAYO (174 km from Arequipa and at 4,110 m.a.s.l) and TUTI (184 km from Arequipa and at 3,960 m.a.s.l.) with colonial churches of incalculable value; the archaeological ruins of the COLLAHUAS, inhabitants of the place before the Inca conquest; the village of COPORAQUE (3,628 m.a.s.l) and the ANDENERIAS built between the VI and VII centuries. Along the way on the banks of the Colca River a cold lunch will be served. Arrivel at Chivay will be at sunset, to spend the night at a comfortable lodge.

The second day after visiting the mirador CRUZ DEL CONDOR (41 km from Chivay) the towns of YAQUE and MACA will be visited. From here the SABANCAYA volcano in intermitent eruption can be seen. Return to Arequipa will be along a dirt road which will cross a pass at 4,850 m.a.s.l from where an extraordinary view of the CHILA, mountain range and of all the volcanoes of the region can be experienced. Arrival in Arequipa is in the afternoon.

SALINAS NATURAL RESERVE

Lenght of excursion : 10 hours

This is an ideal excursion for orniyhologists and lovers of wild.and rugged nature. For 10 hours following the road from Arequipa to Puno, along dirt roads one arrives at the Indian villages of Chiguata and the pre Inca terraces.We will see flocks of Alpacas, Llamas and Vicuñas along the way. Finally we will arrive to the back of the Pichu Picchu volcano where the SALINAS LAKE is located. There is an abundant wildlife in the place, particulary FLAIMINGOS or Parinuahas.

MAJES RIVER

Length of excursion : 2 days and one night

Following the same route described to reach TORO MUERTO one arrives at the Majes River (name given to the Colca River at this stage) dedicated exclusively to the plantation of rice and fruit trees. After visiting the petroglyphis of Toro Muerto, an enormous open-air library, we are directed to the LODGE MAJES RIVER, accommodation offering simple but clean bungalows with hot water. In the afternoon the geographical formation of El Castillo will be visited, a place where sounds are echoed many times. Dinner will be served outside around a bonfire.

The morning of the second day, after breakfast, there will be river rafting, descending approximately seven kilometres along the Majes River, captained by professional and experienced guides. In the middle of the journey the NECROPOLIS OF THE HUARI CULTURE will be visited. After lunch we set out to Arequipa once again.

ASCENT TO THE MISTI VOLCANO

Height: 5,821 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 2 days and 1 night

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: none

We will leave Arequipa before dawn of the first day in a private car. Then we will arrive at the Aguada Blanca Dam where the trekking begins. Camp is made in MONTE BLANCA at a height of 4,750 m.a.s.l.

At dawn of the second day the ascent to the summit begins to see the enormous crater and the fumaroles. From the top beautiful and impressive scenery can be seen. We return to the camp of Monte Blanca, then to Aguada Blanca where the private car will be waiting for the return to Arequipa.

THE VALLEY OF VOLCANOES "THE VALLEY OF FIRE"

Length of Excursion : Three days and two nights

On the first day the activities programmed will be the same as for the Majes River. On the second day at 4:00 a.m., the journey of 150 km to the valley of the volcanoes starts. Halfway, in the valley of Tipa the Andean villages of VIRACO (3,215 m.a.s.l.) and MACHAHUAY (3,150 m.a.s.l.) will be visited so as to the arrive at the foot of the COROPUNA (6,420 m.a.s.l.) peak in the early morning. Here you can see llamas and wild hares. This place marks the beginning of the VALLEY OF FIRE, which is comparable to a lunar scenery unique in its kind in the world, and which enables to look at more than 80 stunted volcanoes in conic shape, presently dormant and with encircling rings of lava erupted more than a million years ago. This valley of fire is covered with enormous cacti creates a mysterious but ecological atmosphere. On the way back there will be a stop in the village of Andahua (3,587 m.a.s.l.) for a cold lunch. The arrival at the lodge will be in the early evening. On the third day activities will be the same as for the Majes River Programme.

ASCENT TO THE CHACHANI SNOWPEAK

Height: 6,075 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 3 days and 2 nights

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: easy to average

Departure from the hotel will be very early and in a private car towards the foot of the Chachani at 4,950 m.a.s.l. Camp will be made at 5,300 m.a.s.l. Ascent begins at dawn of the second day and after six hours of slow trek we arrive at the summit at 6,075 m.a.s.l. Return to the camp is fast and easy.

After breakfast of the third day we break camp and descend once again to the foot of the mountain to return to Arequipa.

ASCENT TO THE AMPATO SNOWPEAK

Height: 6,813 m.a.s.l.

Length of excursion: 3 days and 2 nights

Mode: trekking and climbing - Difficulty: easy to average

We depart from the hotel at dawn in a private car to the area of SALLALLI at the foot of the mountain. It is here where our first trek begins and we make camp at 5,300 m.a.s.l.

The ascent begins on the second day before sunrise and it takes approximately six hours to arrive at the summit at 6,318 m.a.s.l.

Camp is broken on the third day to return to Arequipa.

COLCA: ALONG THE ROUTE OF THE COLLAGUAS

Length of the programme: 3 days and 2 nigths

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

Participants are collected from their hotels very early and driven to the high parts of the colca canyon in a private car. Visit is conducted to the most interesting places and in the afternoon there is a trek to the CONACOTA CANYON. Camp is made at LA CALERA where we can enjoy the thermal baths in the evening. Next morning a second trek is conducted to important places to finish at UYO UYO, and old Collagua village. Camp is made at the edge of the Colca Canyon.

On the third day there is a visit to the CRUZ DEL CONDOR. Here a trek is conducted along the edge of the Canyon. After visiting the village of HUAMBO (3,332 m.a.s.l.) and its small volcano valley we return to Arequipa.

TREKKING ALONG THE COLCA CANYON

Length of programme: 4 days and 3 nights

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

We depart from the hotel in a private car towards the Colca Valley. Small typical villages are visited along the way to camp finally at Chivay.

The cruz del condor is visited on the second day and we begin a descent to the deepest part of the Colca Canyon. Camp is made at TAPAY (2,975 m.a.s.l.). On the third day we visit small Indian communities who make a living by farming fruits and collecting "cochineal". Camp is made at SANGALLE.

On the last day we climb up the slopes of the Canyon to arrive at the village of CABANACONDE (3,287 m.a.s.l.) where the private car will be waiting to return first to Chivay and then to Arequipa.

ORIGINS OF THE AMAZON RIVER

Length of the programme: 5 Days And 4 Nights

Mode: trekking - Difficulty: none

Participants depart from the hotel and are transported in private car to the Colca Valley visiting interesting tourist and historical sites. Arrival is in the afternoon at Chivay (3,633 m.a.s.l.) to make camp.

The next morning we head to the CORDILLERA CHILA in a private car passing along a number of lakes and very old villages. We make camp on the banks of the CARHUASANTA river, one of the main tributaries of the AMAZON RIVER in its source.

On the third day we visit the APACHETA river and the QUEHUISHA mountain at 5,350 m.a.s.l. to pass then to the Pacific basin. Camp is made overlooking the Colca Valley.

On the fourth day the trek continues down to the village of LARI (3,330 m.a.s.l.) to make the last camp.

The last day a visit to the most important villages in the Colca Valley is conducted, to return then to Arequipa.

TOURIST CALENDAR

2 Anniversay of the Foundation: Cabanaconde

6 festival of the Magi: Achoma and Lari

Carnivals: movable date: all villages

19 religious festival of St. Joseph: Chivay and Lari

Easter: movable date: all villages

3 festival of the Crosses: Tuti

15 festival of San Isidro: Achoma y Corporaque

13 festival of St. Anthony of Padua: Chivay and Yanque

15 festival of St. Isidro Labrador (Farmer): Achoma, Corporaque, Maca and Yanque

21 main festivity of Collahuas: Chivay

24 festival of the Sacred Heart: Corporaque and Chivay

29 festival of St. Peter: Sibayo and Maca

16 festival of the Virgin del Carmen: Achoma, Cabanaconde and Sibayo

25 festival of Santiago (St. James): Corporaque

26 festival of St. Anne: Maca

10 festival of San Lorenzo (St. Lawrence): Huambo

15 festival of the Virgin de la Asuncion: Chivay, Corporaque, Maca, Yanque

30 festival of St. Rose: Achoma y Chviay

30 ritual of the cleaning of the canals: Corporaque

29 festival of San Miguel (St. Michael): Corporaque

7 festival of the Virgin of the Rosary: Chivay, Maca, Tuti and Yanque

18 festival of St. Luke: Corporaque

1, 2 All Saint’s Days: all villages

29 festival of the Lord of Miracles: Chivay

8 Immaculate Conception: Chivay

Altitude: 3,399 metres above sea-level

Population: 257,571 inhabitants (based on the 1993 Census)

Meaning in native language: Its name derives from "qosqo" or navel, meaning that the capital of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire rested in the centre of the world.

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

DISTANCE CHART TO OTHER CITIES

The sole visit of Cusco would justify a trip to Perú. This city, an hour away from Lima by plane, is also known as the "Archaeological Capital of America". Situated in the centre of the Vilacanota - Urubamba valley, it symbolizes the maximum splendour achieved by the Andean civilization. It was the capital of the vast Inca empire which occupied part of what is now Colombia, Chile, North of Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia and Perú.

The region of Cuzco represented the achievement of a long process iniciated in the IX century B.C. The periods between 1476 and 1538 marks the peak of this process and it is known in Peruvian Archaeology as "Late or Inca Horizon".

Nowadays from the architectural point of view, Cuzco presents a mixture of both Inca and Spaniard elements for it was on the base of the Imperial Capital which the stately style of the conquerors was established. It is only enough to look at its perfect walls to understand the last period of Peruvian Pre-Hispanic Culture.

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the imperial capital had the shape of a puma and it was inhabited by the governing elite. Some temples, storage places, palaces, factories and fortresses are now concealed under the Spanish architecture, therefore remaining almost intact. Example of this are the TEMPLO DEL SOL or Coricancha, the palace of INCA ROCA, the ACCLLAHUASI (house of the virgins) the palaces of Huayna Capac or AMARUCANCHA and of Manco Capac or COLCAMPATA. The latter was the founder and first emperor of the vast empire. Apart from the Colcampata all the other building are situated around the present main square - Plaza de Armas which was named HUACAYPATA. This was the main centre of Ancient Cuzco, laid out by Manco Capac. It was the landmark from where all paths leading to the four different suyos, that is to say, the four regions of the Empire, began. The Incas considered these regions the four parts of the world.

VISIT TO THE CITY AND FOUR NEARBY RUINS

Length of the excursion: 3:30 hours

For three and a half hours the most important places of the Imperial city are visited, for example the Coricancha ("Qori" = Gold; "Cancha" = enclosure) which was the most important religious centre of the Empire over which the Spanish erected the church of SANTO DOMINGO. There they worshipped the sun: "inti", the moon: "quilla", the stars: "collor", thunder: "illapa", the rainbow: "c’uichi" and the mummies of the Incas.

The Cathedral, whose construction began in 1559, contains the greatest collection of colonial art; the Plaza de Armas, place where they celebrated the major religious festivals, the HATUNRUMIYOC, famous stone of 12 angles and other monuments will also be visited.

One of the most formidable Inca building is the fortress of SACSAYHUAMAN. The natives believe, that when seen from far, it has a similarity with the head of a hawk (huamán). The term "saijsai" means to "satiate" which associated to "huaman" would translate into "satiate yourself hawk". This fortress is located to the north of the city, next to the Colcapata district, at 3,570 m.a.s.l.. It is divided into the "religious sector", the "army sector" and the three bulwarks, the three main doors, the sewers, the Inca baths, the slide, the amphitheatre and the Chincanas.

The word QUENQO means in Quechua "labyrinth", "convoluted" and this is how two buildings close to one another are named. They have been built over outcrops of limestone. This complex is situated on a hill, east of Cuzco city, on the road which led to the Antisuyo, one of the four regions. This place must have been a very important sanctuary during the Inca Period. The story is that even in our times the Indians will come down from the highlands to carry out secret ritual ceremonies during the night, following local religious traditions. The Amphitheatre is built over the eastern side and has an eliptical shape. It is possible that the curve has been drawn according to astronomical concepts. It has a circular stone wall 55 m. long where there are 19 niches. In the centre there is a monolith with undefined features, possibly beaten by iconoclasts. In the inner part of the complex there exists an underground chamber which apparently was used for sacrifices. The ceiling, walls, tables larders and windows have been carved out of a single gigantic rock.

PUCA PUCARA means "red fortress", fortress because of its situation and the existence of a semi-circular room and red for the colour of the local earth. This archaeological group is found at 3580 m.a.s.l. and 7 km from Cuzco, over the right hand side of the road to Pisac. It is situated in a strategic place which dominates the whole territory. It has enclosures, interior squares, baths, aqueducts, watch towers and an easily recognised ancient path. "Tempu" means collective accomodation with everything needed to lodge many people for a short time, "Cachay" means resting place. Tradition knows TAMBOMACHAY as the "Ñusta" (Virgin) Baths. This is due to the special circunstance of having two aqueducts which provide clean water all year round. It comes from a remote place only known to the builders. It has a constant volume and the liquid gathers to pour through a beak which seems to have been a liturgical fountain. The building is erected against the hill and contains three corridors or terraces which are equivalent to three floors.

VISIT TO THE CITY

Length of excursion: 3 hours

We start our visit to the marvellous capital of the Inca Empire from the HANAN QOSCO (high Cuzco). Here we can admire the wall and niches of the COLCAMPATA ("Colca" = chamber; "PATA" = height). This palace was supposedly inhabited by the mythological founder of the Empire, Manco Capac. From here we have a magnificent view of the whole city and our guide will show the location of the thirteen quarters of old Cuzco: Colcampata, Cantupata, Pumacurco, Toqocachi, Munaysenca, Rimacpampa, Collasuyo, Pumacchupan, Chaquilchaqui, Picchu, Quillipata, Carhuenca y Huacapuncu.

We begin our descent to URIN QUOSCO (Low Cusco) along the typical inca alley of PUMACURCO ("Puma" = American feline; "Curco" = back). According to history it bears its name because there you could find enormous logs to which the felines were tied after being hunted so that the Inca could admire them. Continuing along our trip we arrive to the small PLAZOLETA DE LAS NAZARENAS, erected over part of the YACHAYHUASI ruins (house of knowledge) where the children of the nobility were taught. One can also observe here EL CALLEJON DE LAS SIETE CULEBRAS, on whose walls were carved seven serpents which form part of the Yachayhuasi. Descending along the San Agustín road one arrives at the INCA ROCA PALACE on whose central wall one can admire the stone of 12 angles. Finally, once in the centre of Urin Cosqo, we reach the Plazoleta of SANTO DOMINGO, whose tower is the greatest colonial landmark of the area. Here we will visit Coricancha, the most important religious centre of the Empire. To arrive at the Plaza de Armas, (main square) we will go along the Callejón Loreto, whose Inca name was AMARU CANCHA, facing on one side the Acllahuasi or Virginïs House and on the other the Palace of Huayna Cápac. Finally we will visit the CATHEDRAL and the ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM.

VISIT TO SEVEN NEARBY RUINS

Length of excursion: 3:30 hours

In the rainy season the road which goes to these ruins is practically impassable. In this case this visit will be replaced by another to equally interesting places.

As well as a visit to the ruins of SACSAYHUAMAN, QUENQO, PUCA PUCARA and TAMBOMACHAY, which we have already mentioned we will visit the ceremonial centre of Laqo. It means "river weed" in Quechua, although the peasants will call the monument "selnniyuk" which means "contains a hall" referring to the rooms carved in stone. Lago is a stone hill of grey limestone which extends over a plain. It was a well known Inca shrine, whose name is now unknown, and it must be one of the 350 huacas mentioned by Polo de Ondegardo in his Cuzco chronicles. It has suffered severe devastation and now only the enormous rock with its engravings remains. There are also two rooms carved in rock. The first corresponds to a gallery which is at the same level as the exterior explanade and which has a narrow entrance with carved steps. On the left hand there is cubicle carved in stone in a hexaedral shape which can shelter many people. On the top part of this cubicle there is a very small cubic shaped exit which leads to the exterior. Due to its ritualistic and esoteric features, people have renamed it MEDITATION TEMPLE.

The second room is on the right of an ample irregular staircase. One of the steps has a footprint carved on it but its meaning is unknown. In the entrance at head level and to the right there is carved on the rock a snake which glides horizontally. On the left on the lower part there is a sculpture of what was supposedly a puma. Both carvings have been almost completely destroyed by iconoclasts. This place is known as the MATERNITY TEMPLE.

K'USILLUCHAYOC means "has monkeys" in Quechua and is the name of a similar shrine to the one of Lago. It is located on the Inca Road which led to the valley of the Vilcanota River, between Lago and the district of San Blas. In the southwestern part of the complex there is a stone monument similar to the one in Quenqo, but smaller. It is carved with high relief figures of monkeys and serpents.It is worth mentioning the abundant representation of monkeys, thus the name of K'usilluchayoc. However it is surprising that a native animal of the jungle, could have had a shrine in this place. The reasons for these representations and their symbolic content in the Inca religion remains to be investigated.

The word "Lanlacu" means mischievous, and evil spirit, malefic and "Yuj" denotes belonging. It is interpreted as "the one who has a evil spirit". LANLACUYO is an enormous outcrop of limestone over which there are remains of art and industry of ancient Peruvians. They were skilled in using the enormous fissures of this hill turning them into phantasmagoric corridors. Lanlacuyo was undoubtedly another religious Inca centre with figures of gods, embalmed nobles, many chambers, plazas and service staff.

PISAC MARKET

Length of Excursion: 3:30 hours

Upon leaving Cuzco, climbing the Saphi Road and bordering the fortress of Sacsayhuaman one arrives at a pass of almost 4,000 metres, which divides the valley of Cuzco from the Vilcanota which later takes the name of Urubamba when reaching the town. The descent to Pisaq (2972 m.a.s.l) which in Quechua means: " partridge of great size", 33 km away from Cuzco is very suggestive and from viewpoints along the way the lovely sacred valley of the Incas and the snow peaks that surround it can be seen. It is a town famous for its peasant farm and handicraft fair which takes place three times a week on the main square. The timber oven where bread and delicious pastries are baked is very attractive and interesting. On Sundays the Varayocs or mayors of the communities attend mass in the local church wearing their best attire and the traditional sceptres.

PIQUILLACTA RUINS AND THE VILLAGE OF ANDAHUAYLILLAS

Length of excursion: 3.30 hours

The ruins of PUQUILLACTA (3,310 m.a.s.l) which in native language means: "City of Fleas" is 32 km southwest of Cuzco. It is of special interest for it is the only pre - Inca city in the region of Cuzco. The quarters, which conform this extense complex are separated by tall walls built of rough stone and mud. Their origin is attributed to the Huari culture.

The lovely village of ANDAHUAYLILLAS (3,122 m.a.s.l.) with rambling houses, boulevards and tall trees is famous for its main church built in the XVII century. The faboulous gilt ceiling and wall decorations have bestowed it with it the well deserved name of "The Sistine Chapel of América".

RUINS OF TIPON, PIQUILLACTA AND ANDAHUAYLILLAS

Length of excursion: 4 hours

It is probable that the term TIPON (3,416 m.a.s.l.) derives from the Quechua word "'timpuy" which means "where it boils" or "to boil", this due to the numerous underground springs. This important site is located close to km 17 of the road to Puno. A natural hollow with soft sloping sides, caused by the action of rainfall was transformed by the Incas into a succession of twelve enormous terraces that occupy twelve successive planes, covered laterally by terraces and by a group of buildings, making this area an earthly paradise with an excellent climate. In the area there are a series of fountains which served both utilitarian and ritual functions, thus there are a series of water canals where one can appreciate very clearly their great knowledge of hydraulics and the application of siphons. The ruins of PIQUILLACTA and the village of ANDAHUAYLILLAS have been described previously.

PISAQ MARKET AND RUINS

Length of excursion: 4:30 hours

Pisaq, as all the villages that lie on the Vilcanota and Urubamba, was reconstructed by the Spaniards on the settlement of an ancient Inca city, whose ruins are still visible in the outskirts of the village. Its inhabitants following a millenary tradition dedicate themselves to agriculture and textiles. The village is surrounded by formidable barriers of terraces which rise the mountains following the undulations of the mountains to reach an area known as INTIHUATANA, which is 3,024 metres above sea level. The construction of Pisaq consist of three groups: The Intihuatana or sanctuary, the fortress and the city itself.

"Inti" means sun "Huatana" means to tie, therefore it should stand for " Where the sun is tied and as the name suggests it could be related to astronomic observations.

Another place of great importance, for its dwellings in good standing, is the complex known as MAUCKA PANTEON "old pantheon", a "huaca" with many tombs.The district of PISAQ, situated to the southeast of Intihuatana, is formed by 30 chambers that are grouped fundamentally in two rows which follow the pattern of the terrain on which they lie The CCORIHUAYRACHINA - "Ccori" - Gold - "Huayrachina" - Windy place is an archaeological sector where there is a rock surrounded by a circular wall of polished stones, forming a small terrace, to watch over the east, south and west of the valley. URIN PISAQ, situated in the lower areas of the Intihuatana, is a citadel of 34 rooms and is surrounded by andenes of all shapes and sizes. KJALLA-KCASA, is a complex of 38 rooms on a higher rocky slope.

The archaeological site can be reached from the village by two ways : an ascending path of 5 km or a track of 10 km which reaches the place from behind the town of Pisac.

CHINCHERO MARKET

Length of excursion : 3:30 hours

Chinchero (3,672 m.a.s.l) or "rainbow village" boasts the most genuine Indian agricultural market of the region. It takes place every Sunday in its ample Square, surrounded by an imposing Inca wall of 2 metres and decorated by trapezoid niches. The barter system prevails. It is impressive to see the coloured clothing of the peasants that come from different communities. It is also worth visisting the colonial church built upon the foundations of an ancient Inca palace.

MACHU PICCHU

Length of excursion : all day

None of the Spanish choniclers or even Inca Garcilaso de la Vega give even the most remote information of this centennial city. Nothing was mentioned during the wars of conquest when the Incas took shelter in the region of Vilcabamba, next to the citadel. The travellers, such as the scholar Antonio Raimondi, who travelled and wrote about the area, do not mention it. Either MACHU PICCHU was totally ignored by the Spaniards and Republicans.

It wasn’t until 1901 that Mr. Enrique Palma, in company of Agustín Lizarraga and Gabino Sanchez reached Machu Picchu by the route of San Miguel, overcoming incredible perils due to the lack of proper paths and the steepness of the ascent.

However, the scientific discovery was made in 1911 by Hiram Bingham during his second trip to Perú. In one of his frequent exploration trips to the Urubamba Canyon in July he camped in Madorpampa, where he met the humble peasant Melcho Arteaga who told him that there were some ruins near the place and that they were very big. On the 24th of July, Bingham, along with the peasant and lieutenant Carrasco, reached the citadel and marvelled at the beauty of the scenery. They discovered that in the ruins there lived 2 Indians, Richate and Alvarez, who had been there for 4 years and that they cultivated in the terraces. They informed him that amid the folliage there were very interesting edifications.

Machu Picchu : " Machu" - Old - "Picchu" - point or summit, in its literal translation, should be the "top" or "old point". It is located 112.5 km north of Cuzco. It is on the left bank of the Urubamba River at 3,000 (a.s.l). The train ride from Cuzco lasts approximately 3:30 hours. As one crosses the extense Pampa de Anta, the sacred snow peaks of VERONICA and SALKATAY can be seen as you stop over in certain villages such as Chinchero and Ollantaytambo. (In the high season, when there is a greater influx of tourists there is a second trip of the train which starts at Ollantaytambo).

At this point the vegetation begins to take on the characteristics of the Amazon rainforest, rendering the scenery with constant ecological change. The train penetrates up to the station of Puente Ruinas, at the foot of the mountains. Up there, surrounded by powerful granite walls, Machu Picchu, The Lost City of the Incas emerges. The last part of the journey is made by van, which after zigzagging in a recently paved road of 8 km arrived sat the main entrance to the ruins.

Walls of up to 5 metres protect the complex, which consists of the WAYNA PICCHU, the TEMPLE OF THE MOON, the INTIPUNKU, the DRAWBRIDGE, the FARMING SECTOR and the URBAN SECTOR.

Within these sectors it is worth noting the Temple of the Three Windows, the Sacred Temple or Temple of the Sun, the Royal Tomb or Mausoleum, the Solar Clock or Intihuatana and the prison cells. The cemetery situated over the eastern terraces was guarded by the Ayacamayoc house or "guardian of the dead" .During the excavations 135 corpses were found, of which 109 are female. Thanks to the fact that the Spaniards had no knowledge of its existence, the complex is well preserved and has suffered no major destruction other than the weathering process.

For those who don’t have much time or would like to visit Machu Picchu in greater comfort, there is a service offered by a 25 seat helicopters which departs from Cuzco airport at 8:45 and which after visiting the ruins returns at 15:55.

PISAQ MARKET AND OLLANTAYTAMBO FORTRESS

Length of Excursion: 7 hours

After visiting the Indian Market at Pisaq, you continue along the road which runs parallel to the right bank of the Vilcanota-Urubamba River to arrive after 75 Km (from Cusco) to the village of Ollantaytambo (2,846 Km) whose name derives from Ollanta, captain general of the Antisuyo army, who rebelled in the period of Inca Pachacutec.

THE FORTRESS OF OLLANTAYTAMBO is located north of the village of the same name, perched on the slopes of a hill. It is one of the most important displays of military architecture of Inca times. The whole complex consist of temples, palaces, funerary galleries, mausoleums, barracks, religious chambers, trenches and storages for food and arms supplies. Outstanding are its walls, galleries, funerary chambers, the Great Central Shrine, a religious construction formed by an enormous monoliths, the access terraces, the farming terraces, the remains of the ancient village and the Ñusta Baths. Because of its location and strategic position, which dominates great part of the region, it has been defined as a fortress or fortified city.

The chronicler Cieza de León says "In Ollaytantambo, the Incas had the greatest stronghold of all their territorial possessions, settled over rocks, and only a few people were needed to defend it from many....".

CHINCHERO, MARAS, THE SALT MINES AND PICHINGOTO

Length of excursion: 8 hours.

During the rainy season this excursion can be modified because the road which leads to the salt mines of the Incas is not paved and sometimes it becomes impassable.

After visiting the " Village of the Rainbow "or CHINCHERO one follows the road to Urubamba to arrive after a brief journey along a dirt road to Maras (3,385 m.a.s.l) founded by the Spaniards. The facades of the houses on the main street are examples of typical colonial architecture and display family crests.

Following a dirt road for 4 Km one arrives at the Inca Salt Mines. From the mountains emerges a spring of lukewarm water with a high density of salt which the local peasants have canalised and distribute to more than 5,000 wells where the liquid evaporates, leaving behind a crust which is periodically extracted for its processing and commerce. For approximately one hour one descends along a path which borders the wells to reach the banks of the Urubamba River. Here one can visit the Caves of Pichingoto, inhabited since Inca times and currently occupied by local farmers.

TARAWASI RUINS AND SAYWITE STONE

Length of excursion: 8 hours

You may find the description to these two notable ruins in the programme: In the summit of the Andes: from Ayacucho to Cusco on page 26.

ONE-DAY TREKKING

For someone who wants to experience a day of emotions and adventure, visiting places little known to the common tourist, we have prepared a walk from the Ruins of Tipon to the village of Andahuaylillas. The departure from Cusco is at 9:00 a.m. and after a jouney of 23 km in a private car along a paved road we will arrive at the ruins of Tipón. After a visit to this extraordinary endeavour of hydraulic engineering we will take a path used by natives to reach the village of OROPESA, famous for its craft bakeries. From Oropesa one follows the path to the Huacarpay Lake, mirror of water, imbued in mythological legends, where one can observe a great variety of native and migratory birds.

The path is now in ascent until the ruins of Piquillacta, sole pre-inca remains of the region. One continues to the door of RUMICOLCA, ancient migratory control for those who travelled to and from the Collao Plateau, to descend soon to the village of PIÑIPAMPA, where all the local inhabitants are dedicate to the roof -tile industry.

We will finally reach our goal in the village of Andahuaylillas, where a private vehicle will be waiting for the return to Cusco.

TREKKING CAMINO INCA

Departure from the station of Santa Ana in Cusco in the first tourist train which leaves for Machu Picchu. After passing Ollantaytambo the Urubamba valley narrows, the vegetation becomes tropical and the characteristic great trees of the Amazon rainforest soon appear. The trekking to Machu Piccu will start at Km. 104 on the railway line. After a brief visit to Cachabamba on the other side of the river a steep ascent begins which lasts from 3 to 4 hours in order to reach the ruins of Wiñay Wayna, an important sacred Inca site. From here one takes the Inca trail which leads to the Puerta del Sol (Sun Door) or Intipunku from where one can first see the citadel of Machu Picchu. Box lunch, overnight stay is not included.

Morning dedicated to visiting the ruins. Lunch. In the afternoon return trip to Cusco by tourist train.

TREKKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU

The trek from Cusco to Machu Picchu demands phsyical fitness and adequate acclimatization. We follow the same route described in the 5-day programme but the daily distances covered are longer. Camps will be made in permitted areas and near ancient Inca ruins.

TREKKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU

Journey by bus or train from Cusco to Ollantaytambo with a stopover to visit the ruins. In Chillca we meet our porters, cooks and equipment. After a cold lunch the 4 hour trekking starts to the ruins of Llactapata. Camp and dinner.

Breakfast and trekking (climb) in ascent all day long up to Llucllucchapampa with a cold lunch along the way. Camping at 3,810 m.a.s.l. Dinner.

Breakfast. Climb to midpoint of trek to the pass of warmiwañusta at 4,200 m.a.s.l. Descent to the valley of Pacamayu to climb again to find the Inca stone trail which will take us to the Ruins of Runkurakay and Sayajmarca, and finally camp in the proximity of ChakicocHa. Lunch and dinner.

Arrival at Machu Picchu. After breakfast we will follow the Inca trail to visit PHUYUPATAMARCA and WIÑAY WAYNA. After going through two tunnels and the first tropical woods one arrives at INTIPUNKU or Sun Door, from where the Citadel of Machu Picchu can be first seen. The rest of afternoon is free to visit the ruins and later to come down to the campsite on the banks of the Urubamba river, where a delicious meal will be awaiting.

Breakfast and the rest of the time is free to return to Machu Picchu, to enjoy the thermal baths of Aguas Calientes or to visit the creek of Mandor to watch birds such as the Gallito de las Rocas (the small Rooster of the Rocks). In the afternoon return by train to Cusco.

IN THE ANDES SUMMIT: FROM CUSCO TO AYACUCHO

Length of programme: 2 days and one night

Along zigzagging roads that criss-cross the Andes and on board a comfortable tourist car, we will cover 598 kilometres which separate the Capital of the Inca Empire from that of the Huari Empire: AYACUCHO.

During this journey we will spend the night in Andahuaylas and visit the ruins of TARAWASI (2,554 m.a.s.l.), situated 77 km. from Cusco, on the banks of the Colorado or Suntur Mayo river. The name of these ruins means "tara" = a regional tree and "wasi" = house. The central part is enclosed by a great wall which covers three sides. The river Suntur Mayo and the Chakimayo stream have been canalized on the second platform and lastly the terraces are supported by containment walls of engraved and polished stones. The walls of the central building, which is shaped like parallelogram, are still in good condition but the forth side is yet to be discovered. The outer sides of the walls of the main platform have been finely engraved in the same style as the outer containment wall with 8 niches on 3 sides and 12 on the northeast side. Its structural and architectural characteristics are evidence that they envoyed renowned prestige in the region.

The SAYWITE monolith is situated on a temple west of the Saywite Valley and 45 km. from Abancay. It is found in an area of fountains and streams where there are half-bouried architectural remains. It is considered a Symbolic and Ecological Fontain and has been engraved with 203 relief figures adapted to the natural forms of the rock. It is an original creation produced by native minds and an everlasting record of their religious conceptions of water, the fertilization of the soil and the supernatural beings involved in these productive forces. The geographical environment has been represented in the undulations of the rock: mountains, gorges, vertical slopes, high lakes, rivers and their beds, canals and ditches leading to different directions. Acting as guards of these sacred places there are felines, pumas and watchful monkeys ready to spring impelled by their hind legs. However, the most important aspect of this rock are the anthropomorphic gods generally placed in couples, the woman carrying a pitcher in her hands at the sources of streams, rivers or dams. All this leads us to believe that the Valley of Saywite was an important religious centre, a privileged place of many fountains around which many temples were built and Indian artistic creations were produced.

110 km. from Ayacucho are the ruins of VILCASHUAMAN (3,470 m.a.s.l.), remains of an ancient military and religious centre upon which the Castillo de Osno or Temple of The Sun, stands out. It is one of the best preserved Inca ruins in Perú, in which townspeople still live amidst its palaces.

TOURIST CALENDAR

6 religious festival of the Magi: Ollantaytambo

20 religious festival of St. Sebastian: district of San Sebastián (Cusco)

Carnival - Movable date: the whole region

8 religious festival of St. John: Urubamba

Easter- Movable date: the whole region

2 religious festival of the Crosses: the whole region

24 religious festival of Inti Raymi: Cusco

16 religious festival of the Virgen del Carmen: Paucartambo

15 religious festival of the Virgen Asunta: Urubamba

8 religious festival of the Nativity: Paruro

24 religious festival of Santuranticuy: Cusco

Altitude: 186 metres above sea level

Population: 28,118 inhabitants (1993 census)

Meaning in native language: origin unknown

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE